“第一哲学”的美学转向  

The Aesthetic Turn of“First Philosophy”

作　　者：仲霞[1] 杨春时[1] Zhong Xia;Yang Chunshi

机构地区：[1]厦门大学中文系,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《学术研究》2023年第1期151-160,178,共11页Academic Research

摘　　要：亚里士多德把本体论命名为“第一哲学”。古希腊确立实体本体论是“第一哲学”,但由于其独断论缺陷,在近代发生了“第一哲学”的认识论转向。现代哲学否定实体论,“第一哲学”转向实存论、伦理学(他异性哲学);同时认识论终止,“第一哲学”转向现象学、解释学。由于这两种转向都不能为哲学奠定基础,最终在现代哲学和后现代哲学中又发生了“第一哲学”的美学转向,西方近代哲学开启审美主义,席勒、费尔巴哈、叔本华、尼采等都把审美置于理性认识之上。在此基础上,西方现代哲学形成两大走向:一是在本体论领域发生的“美学是第一哲学”思潮,主要代表是海德格尔的存在论美学;二是在现象学领域发生的“美学是第一哲学”思潮,主要代表是后期海德格尔的本有现象学、伽达默尔作为“实践哲学”的艺术科学,以及盖格尔、杜夫海纳的审美现象学等。后现代哲学也提出“美学是第一哲学”的思想,代表人物有福柯、哈曼、韦尔施等。“第一哲学”的美学转向体现出哲学、美学发展的历史趋势,这一转向的根据在于,美学具有充实的现象学和本源的存在论性质,成为哲学的基础部分,从而打破了美学作为哲学分支的传统定位。Aristotle defined ontology as the“first philosophy”.Ancient Greece established substantial ontology as the“first philosophy”,but due to the defects of its solipsism,the“first philosophy”thus turned to epistemology in early modern times.With modern philosophy rejecting substantial ontology,the“first philosophy”has thereby turned to existentialism and ethics(philosophy of otherness);at the same time,with epistemology terminated,the“first philosophy”has also turned to phenomenology and hermeneutics.Since neither of these two turns could lay the foundation for philosophy,the aesthetic turn of“first philosophy”has eventually taken place in modern philosophy and postmodern philosophy respectively.Aestheticism occurred in early modern Western philosophy,with Schiller,Feuerbach,Schopenhauer and Nietzsche placing aesthetics above rational knowledge.On this basis,modern Western philosophy has formed two directions:one is the trend of“aesthetics as the first philosophy”in the field of ontology,represented by ontological aesthetics in the late period of Heidegger;the other is the trend of“aesthetics as the first philosophy”in the field of phenomenology,represented by later Heidegger’s phenomenology of Ereignis,Gadamer’s art science as“practical philosophy”,Geiger’s and Dufrenne’s phenomenology of aesthetics,etc.Postmodern philosophy also put forward the idea of“aesthetics as the first philosophy”,represented by Foucault,Graham Harman,Wolfgang Welsch,etc.The shift of“first philosophy”to aesthetics reflects the historical trend of the development of philosophy and aesthetics.The basis of this turn is that aesthetics,as fulfilled phenomenology and original ontology,has become a fundamental part of philosophy,thus breaking the traditional position of aesthetics as a branch of philosophy.

关 键 词：美学 “第一哲学” 审美主义 现代主义 后现代主义 

分 类 号：B83-02[哲学宗教—美学]