“醍醐”新考  

New Research on Ti-hu(醍醐)in Philology

作　　者：戴启飞 DAI Qifei

机构地区：[1]西北大学文学院

出　　处：《汉字汉语研究》2022年第4期81-93,127,共14页The Study Of Chinese Characters And Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“日本天理图书馆藏汉籍调查编目、珍本复制与整理研究”(20&ZD276)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“醍醐”语源的音译说、意译说均未妥,应不是外来词。“醍醐”最早写作“餬”,见于东汉服虔《通俗文》,是中土原生的俗语词,与“酪酥”是同义词关系。记载“醍醐”一词的汉文译经多有疑伪问题,译作年代均迟至西晋以后。“餬”当视为偏正结构,“”为氐羌的“氐”字的增符类化,“餬”为糊状食品,构词理据为这种乳制品的原产地和原民族,反映出汉晋时期的民族融合与佛教传播。西晋译经选用“醍醐”作为梵语“sarpir-maṇḍa”的译词后,新词义“最上最胜的乳制品”占据优势,被用来譬喻佛法最高境界,并经由汉文佛典广为流传。从正体{餬}到俗体{醍醐},词形演变受到造字理据、偏旁类化、语音流变的影响。“餬(寄食)”是“餬(糊状食品)”的语境义,“醍(醍醐)”与“醍(红色清酒)”为同形关系,不可混淆。部分诗文中{醍醐}的“清酒”义和“沽酒”义,是文学修辞生成的语境义。It’s unclear whether Ti-hu(醍醐)stems from transliteration or free translation.It should not be a loanword.Ti-hu(醍醐)was originally written as Ti-hu(䬫餬)in Tong Su Wen(《通俗文》)by Fu Qian(服虔)in the Eastern Han Dynasty,which has the same meaning with“酪酥(ghee)”.According to records,the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures were mostly questionable and could be dated as late as after the Western Jin Dynasty.Ti-hu(䬫餬)should be regarded as an structure of modifi cation.Ti(䬫)was named from the nationality“Di(氐)”who lived in northern China.And Hu(餬)was the paste food,whose etymological formation is supposed to be based on the production area and the original ethnicity,refl ecting the ethnic integration and the spread of Buddhism in the Han and Jin Dynasties.Since Ti-hu(醍醐)was taken as the equivalent word for Sanskrit word“arpir-maṇḍa”in translating Buddhist scriptures in the Western Jin Dynasty,its lexical meaning tended to be dominated by new meaning“the best dairy products”and widely spread as a metaphor,namely,the highest state of Buddhism.From the standardized form䬫餬to the vulgar form醍醐,it has b een infl uenced by word-building motivation,assimilation of character component and merging of rhyme category.“餬(sponge)”is a contextual meaning coming from餬(paste).醍(Ti-hu)-醍(red clear liquor)is a group of homograph which cannot be mixed up.In some poems and proses,“Ti-hu(醍醐)”seems to have lexical meaning“clear liquor”or“purchase liquor”,however the two meaning items are both context meaning from literary rhetoric.

关 键 词：醍醐 外来词 佛典语言学 字词关系 

分 类 号：H13[语言文字—汉语]