“仁德”与“玄德”之同质异向——先秦孔子与老子“德”观念发微  

Homogenous Anisotropy of“Benevolent Virtue”and“Metaphysical Virtue”——Confucius and Lao Zi’s Concept of“De”in the Pre Qin Period

作　　者：许金哲 XU Jinzhe(Department of Philosophy Teaching and Research,Party School of Hebei Provincial Committee of C.P.C,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050061,China)

机构地区：[1]中共河北省委党校哲学教研部,河北石家庄050061

出　　处：《河北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第1期46-56,共11页Journal of Hebei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“新时代政德建设的三重维度研究”(19BKS036)。

摘　　要：在中国古代传统社会中,“德”观念既是政治上的重要观念,同时也是哲学上重要的概念。周人提出“明德”观念,将商人所重视的“鬼神”“上帝”观念拉回到现实中的民生世界、道德世界。然而,随着历史时空流变,“明德”观念趋于固化而难继“坚明”,礼乐制度随“德”的观念一同趋于瓦解。为解救周代“德”观念之蔽,以孔子为代表的儒家与以老子为代表的道家分别朝向“仁”与“玄”的不同方向拓展深入。他们或发掘“德”的深邃内涵或改造“德”的内涵另赋予其形而上特质。虽然老子“玄德”与孔子“仁德”不同,属于异向度地对周“明德”观念的发展,但他们的“德”都不是拘泥于外在形式化的礼乐规范;相反,均体现了对内在“心性”的重视——孔子主张以“仁”释“礼”,老子则脱离开僵化的周“礼”表象而旋转深入显露出了“慈爱”的柔软质地。In the ancient Chinese traditional society,the concept of“De”is not only an important concept in politics,but also an important concept in philosophy.The Zhou people put forward the concept of“Ming De”,which brought back the concepts of“ghosts and gods”and“God”that businessmen attached importance to the world of people’s livelihood and morality in reality.However,with the evolution of time and space in history,the concept of“Ming De”tends to solidify and it is difficult to follow the concept of“Jian Ming”.The system of rites and music tends to collapse along with the concept of“De”.In order to save the Zhou Dynasty’s“De”concept,Confucianism represented by Confucius and Taoism represented by Lao Zi respectively expanded and deepened in different directions of“benevolence”and“metaphysics”.They either explored the profound connotation of“De”or transformed the connotation of“De”and endowed it with metaphysical characteristics.Although Lao Zi’s“metaphysical virtue”is different from Confucius’“benevolent virtue”,which belonged to the development of Zhou’s“Ming De”concept in a different direction,their“De”was not confined to the external formalized etiquette and music norms;On the contrary,they all reflected the emphasis on the internal“mind-nature”—Confucius advocated“benevolence”to interpret“rites”,while Lao Zi left the rigid appearance of Zhou“rites”and turned to reveal the soft texture of“kindness”.

关 键 词：孔子 老子 明德 仁德 玄德 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]