食物宏量营养素组成调控哺乳动物寿命的研究进展  

Effects of food macronutrient composition on lifespan in mammals

作　　者：王斯凡 魏芬芬 吴紫云 Sifan Wang;Fenfen Wei;Ziyun Wu(School of Agriculture and Biology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240

出　　处：《科学通报》2023年第4期356-367,共12页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(82171550);上海市浦江人才计划(20PJ1405400)资助。

摘　　要：随着人们生活质量的提高和社会老龄化的加剧,如何通过改善饮食结构来让人们活得健康长寿,逐渐成为大众密切关注的话题,这是生命科学研究领域最具挑战性的重大科学问题,同时也是当前科学研究的热点前沿.人类有史以来一直积极于探索长寿之法,基于对不同物种衰老相关现象的观察和认识,也逐步形成了多个衰老相关理论,如程序性控制理论、氧化应激基理论、基因组不稳定等,都有力地推动了衰老研究的进展.但现代衰老生物学研究的快速发展主要得益于饮食限制延长大鼠寿命的重大发现,目前饮食限制作为长寿研究中的黄金法则,被证明可以延长众多生物的寿命,包括灵长类恒河猴的寿命,并能改善人类衰老相关生理生化指标.在研究饮食限制延长不同物种的寿命及其相关分子机制的过程中,人们逐渐发现,食物营养的组成对生物寿命影响起到至关重要的作用.哺乳动物实验模型在这一研究过程中发挥了关键作用,尤其是大鼠和小鼠.本文总结了自1935年以来,以小鼠或大鼠作为实验模型,通过调整食物中三大宏量营养素碳水化合物、蛋白质(氨基酸)和脂肪的比例影响动物寿命的相关研究,并分析了其潜在的机制,以期为今后健康长寿相关研究提供理论参考.The aging population is one of the world’s most momentous challenges and causes prodigious economic burdens to individuals, families, and a country. As the average lifespan has dramatically increased globally, more people are paying particularly close attention to what/how dietary composition has the potential to extend a healthy lifespan. People have been interested in looking for the elixir of youth, yet studies on molecular mechanisms of aging are relatively new and are far from being understood. Recent work has shown that nutrients, small molecules, genetic modifications, and other factors can substantially extend the lifespan of multispecies, ranging from yeast to mammals. Among these longevity factors,nutrient balance has emerged as an important factor in extending lifespan. Yet, the effect of many nutrient factors on longevity is not well investigated. Most anti-aging studies focus on dietary restriction(DR) or calorie restriction(CR), the mere reduction of food intake without malnutrition, which has become a gold standard in biological aging studies. DR was found to extend the average and maximum lifespan from yeast to primates. It also protects against age-related pathologies,such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in humans. However, studies have shown that changing the dietary components could eliminate lifespan extension by DR, suggesting that nutrient balance other than DR plays a pivotal role in regulating longevity. Notably, mammalian models, mainly rats and mice, have been influential in advancing aging research.Here, we reviewed studies published since 1935 that demonstrated that changing the composition of food macronutrients(carbohydrate, protein or amino acids, and fat) altered lifespan in mouse and rat models. Carbohydrate research has primarily focused on early DR studies, in which researchers used carbohydrates in food to control animal growth and energy intake. Protein/amino acids may significantly impact lifespan more than carbohydrates and fats because growth and developme

关 键 词：碳水化合物 蛋白质 脂肪 寿命 长寿 哺乳动物 

分 类 号：R151[医药卫生—营养与食品卫生学] R-332[医药卫生—公共卫生与预防医学]