虚假诉讼的本质与边界  

Essence and Boundary of Sham Lawsuits

作　　者：李晓倩[1] Li Xiaoqian

机构地区：[1]吉林大学法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（诉讼法学、司法制度）》2022年第10期83-98,共16页

基　　金：2021年度吉林大学学科交叉融合创新项目“人工智能辅助民事案件同案同判研究”(项目编号:JLUXKJC2021ZZ17)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：从2016至2021年,最高人民法院关于虚假诉讼涵摄范围的立场发生明显改变;基于对1570宗案件的分析,发现各地法院对虚假诉讼的认定亦有方向性分歧;学说上,关于虚假诉讼则存在“虚假纠纷说”“第三人损害说”“司法秩序妨害说”的分野。以对诉讼本质的认识为前提,虚假诉讼应定位于从根本上消解民事诉讼“两造对抗”基本结构的“恶意串通”行为。该类行为彻底瓦解民事诉讼制度功能得以发挥的结构性支撑,导致“诉讼”成为缺乏对抗本质的“嬉和”,应当受到特别规制,以实现制度的规范意旨。“单方行为”应被排除在虚假诉讼之外,这不仅源于既有妨害民事诉讼行为的强制措施完全可以应对“单方行为”,也因为“单方行为”的纳入会肇致虚假诉讼边界不清、损害当事人诉讼权利、违反比例原则、增加法院审理负担、有损司法形象。恶意诉讼、滥用诉权、冒名诉讼等异化的诉讼形态,与虚假诉讼存在根本的差异,也须予以明确的界分。The years between 2016 and 2021 have witnessed an apparent change of the Supreme People's Court's standing on the scope of sham lawsuits.Based on the analysis of 1570 cases,it is found that there are funda-mental differences in the adjudications on sham lawsuits rendered by courts in different regions.In theory,a diver-gence shall be found between"the theory of sham dispute","the theory of injury to a third party"and"the theory of obstruction of judicial order".Upon the precondition of knowing the essence of lawsuit,the sham lawsuit shall be defined as an act of"malice conspiracy"that aims to fundamentally destruct the basic structure of"two-party confron-tation"of civil proceedings.This kind of lawsuits completely disintegrates the structural foundation that enables the operation of the civil proceeding system,and makes"lawsuit"to become"making peace"without adversary.This act shall be especially regulated to realize the system's regulatory purpose.The reasons that"unilateral act"shall be excluded from the scope of sham lawsuits are not only that the coercive measures against the acts of obstructing civil proceeding could easily handle"unilateral act",but also that the inclusion of"unilateral act"would blur the boundary of sham lawsuit,infringe on the parties'right of lawsuit,violate the principle of proportion,increase the court's burden of trial,and damage judicial authority.The unlawful forms of lawsuits,such as malice lawsuit,abuse of right of lawsuit,bringing lawsuit by assuming other's name,are fundamentally different from sham lawsuits,and thus shall be clearly differentiated.

关 键 词：虚假诉讼 恶意串通 单方行为 两造对抗 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]