走出主体结构的困境——论海德格尔对康德认识论思路的超越  

Out of the Predicament of Subjectivity's Structure:On Heidegger's Transcendence over Kant's Epistemological Path

作　　者：王鑫怡 WANG Xin-yi(School of Philosophy,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《山东青年政治学院学报》2023年第2期27-33,共7页Journal of Shandong Youth University of Political Science

摘　　要：康德以先天认识结构来解释现象界,将主体理性推向了高潮。但康德对主体的分析始终存在困难。一方面,康德始终不能解释意识到自我的同一性的那个意识的来源,只能将其作为终极的统觉;另一方面,康德在推崇主体的同时,在认知的层面将他人降格为被认识的“物”。真正的他人在康德的经验形而上学中销声匿迹,暗示了其经验形而上学与道德哲学的断裂。康德哲学隐含的这两个问题,实际上都是以“反思”为主导的认识论思路导致的。海德格尔以含义更广的生存论克服狭隘的认识论,以共在作为此在的生存结构克服主体主义,使得主体结构不再封闭,而是向着世界与他人敞开。Kant explained the phenomenal world with a priori cognitive structure and push the rationality of subject to a climax.But Kant's analysis of the subject will always encounter difficulties.On the one hand,Kant can never explain the origin of consciousness that realizes the identity of self,and can only regard it as the ultimate apperception;on the other hand,while Kant respected the subject,he degraded others to the known"thing"at the cognitive level.The real others disappeared in Kant's metaphysics of experience,suggesting the fracture between his metaphysics of experience and moral philosophy.These two problems implied in Kant's philosophy are actually caused by the epistemological thinking dominated by"reflection".Heidegger overcame the narrow epistemology with the more extensive existentialism,overcame the subjectivism with the co-existence as the existential structure of Dasein,and therefore made the self-structure no longer closed,but open to the world and others.

关 键 词：康德 海德格尔 认识论 生存论 主体 

分 类 号：B516.54[哲学宗教—外国哲学]