从“天人相应”到“天人感应”——董仲舒“大一统”思想发微  

From“Similarity between Nature and Humans”to“Response between Nature and Humans”:A Subtle Interpretation of Dong Zhongshu’s Thought of“Great Unity”

作　　者：方达[1] FANG Da(Institute of Ancient Philosophy,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学先秦诸子研究中心,上海200241

出　　处：《衡水学院学报》2023年第2期54-61,共8页Journal of Hengshui University

摘　　要：在行政制度层面,汉承秦制,“郡县制”于武帝之初已日益稳固。但与此同时,汉初高祖所确立的宗亲分封制,又以“藩国”的形式拉扯并撕裂着中央政府对地方郡县的管辖关系。因此,武帝亟需一种既可以让地方人才经由藩国与郡县推荐以备中央选用,又可以让宗亲集团完全听命于中央政府与天子的政治体制。值此背景下,董仲舒在与武帝三番策对的过程中,提出了一种基于“父子兄弟”观念而来的具有“君臣上下”效果的政治官僚制度。本质上,董仲舒的这种“大一统”理论就是“天”与“人”价值源头的统一,“教化”与“政治”互为表里的统一,以及“天子”与“众人”本质差别的统一,“父子兄弟”与“君臣之谊”人伦与政治的统一。而这所有的“统一”都是为了保障“皇权”的至高性与唯一性,以及官吏选拔体系具有历史合法性与现实时效性。从理论构架来看,董仲舒“大一统”所依赖的“天人感应”实际上是由改造荀子“天人相应”的秩序理论而来,董仲舒通过对荀子“性”概念的变革实现了武帝新制所需要的所有理论论证。当然,董仲舒的这种“大一统”秩序模式也因为价值根源的两分而导致荀子所设想的自下而上良性更迭秩序模式的不彻底,使得先秦儒家政治理论在后世只能成为一种皇权约束社会其他众人的工具,而不能作为皇权自我约束的内在律令。The administrative system of the Han Dynasty inherited that of the Qin Dynasty,and the“prefecture and county system”was increasingly stable at the beginning of Emperor Wudi.But at the same time,the feudal clan system established by Emperor Gaozu in the early Han Dynasty strained the relations between the central government and the local counties because of the management form of“vassal state”.For this,Emperor Wudi urgently needed a political system that could not only allow local talents to be recommended by vassal states,prefectures and counties for the central government to select,but also allow the patriarchal clan to be completely subordinate to the central government and the emperor.Under this background,Dong Zhongshu,in response to Emperor Wudi’s three questions about the relationship between nature and humans,put forward a political bureaucratic system based on the concept of“the subordinate relations between father and son,elder brother and younger brother”with the effect of the subjects being subordinate to the emperor”.In essence,Dong Zhongshu’s theory of“great unity”is the unity of“nature”and“humans”in value root,the unity of“education”and“politics”in thought and action,the unity of“the Son of Heaven”and“common people”in essential differences,and the unity of“the subordinate relations between father and son,elder brother and younger brother”and“the subordinate relations between the emperor and his subjects”in human relations and politics.All this“unity”is to ensure the supremacy and uniqueness of“imperial power”,and the historical legitimacy and realistic timeliness of the official selection system.From the perspective of theoretical framework,the“response between nature and humans”that Dong Zhongshu’s“great unity”based on is actually derived from Xunzi’s order theory of“similarity between nature and humans”and through the change of Xunzi’s concept of“nature”,Dong Zhongshu presented all the theoretical arguments require

关 键 词：董仲舒 大一统 天人相应 天人感应 

分 类 号：B234.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]