榆林窟第3窟为元代西夏遗民窟新证  

New Evidence Verifying that Yulin Cave No.3 Was Built by Descendants of the Western Xia during the Yuan Dynasty

作　　者：杨富学[1] 刘璟 YANG Fuxue;LIU Jing(Division of Humanities Research,Dunhuang Academy,Lanzhou,Gansu 730030;Palace Museum,Beijing 100006)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院人文研究部,甘肃兰州730030 [2]故宫博物院,北京100006

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2022年第6期1-12,共12页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：国家民委民族研究重点项目“敦煌历史文化中的各民族交往交流交融研究”(2021-GMA-004);敦煌研究院院级课题重点项目“敦煌晚期石窟的分期与断代”(2020-SK-ZD-01)。

摘　　要：榆林窟第3窟为敦煌石窟群中最具代表性的大型洞窟之一,学界对其开凿时代存在不同意见,主要有西夏说、元代说两种,需要从多方面出发作出综合判断:西夏装与蒙古装交织,则必为元代,因为元代敦煌西夏势力强大,与蒙古王室关系密切,西夏时代不曾有蒙古人;元朝推行主仆制度,甬道壁上的西夏与蒙古供养人,只能是施主,但不可能是窟主,窟主是“三王”之一的瓜州肃王家族;甬道下部的蒙古供养人像对上部的西夏供养人像虽有叠压关系,但明显未对西夏供养人像造成破坏,保护之意清晰可见,且西夏供养人像大于蒙古供养人像,这些现象只能说明二者皆属元代之物,否则,蒙古与西夏国有世仇,不会保护西夏国的供养人像,更不能允许其供养人像大于自己的。尤为重要的是,在甬道南壁两身蒙古装供养人像衣服交接空隙处有用西夏文书写的“佛”字,非元代不可为也。该窟在1368—1372年有重修活动;该窟《唐僧取经图》中孙悟空形象完全是元代特征。各种因素可以证明,榆林窟第3窟当为元代敦煌西夏遗民所营建,绝不可能属于西夏国时代之遗物。Cave 3 of the Yulin Grottoes is one of the most well-known,representative caves at Dunhuang.Though opinions differ about the date of its construction,the two predominant lines of thought either trace the building of the cave to the Western Xia dynasty(Xixia)or the Yuan dynasty.A definitive judgment on the issue must be made in consideration of the following four aspects.Firstly,given that depictions of donors in the cave include people dressed in both Tangut and Mongolian clothing,then it can be concluded that the cave was likely built in the Yuan dynasty,because the Xixia kingdom,defeated but not decimated,remained powerful in the Yuan period and the two nations shared close ties to the Mongolian royal family.The connection with the Mongolian people during the Western Xia period,however,was negligible.Secondly,according to the master-servant system of the Yuan dynasty,the Tangut and Mongolian figures painted on the walls of the corridor in cave 3 can be identified as donor figures rather than the owner of the cave.The owner of cave 3 could only have been the family of King Su,one of the three Mongolian vassal kings in Hexi.Thirdly,the painting of the Mongolian donors on the lower part of the corridor walls partially overlaps with that of Tangut donors on the upper part of the wall,but this did not cause any noticeable damage to the paintings of the Tangut donors.This indicates that the structure of the walls was likely meant to protect the Tangut donors.Moreover,the Tangut donors are larger in size than their Mongolian counterparts.The evidence listed above all indicates that the Tangut and Mongolian donors were painted during the Yuan dynasty.Due to the enmity between the Xixia kingdom and the Mongolians,it is hard to imagine that the Mongolian rulers of the Yuan dynasty would have protected Tangut donor figures at the expense of their own,or that they would allow the Tangut donors to be larger than their own.Last and most importantly,the word“Buddha”was found in the space between the costumes of two Mongol

关 键 词：榆林窟第3窟 西夏 蒙古 供养人 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]