重新認識許慎的文字發展觀舆《說文》的價值  

New Understanding of Xu Shen's Outlook on Development of Characters and the Value of Shuowen Jiezi

作　　者：李守奎 Li Shoukui

机构地区：[1]清華大學人文學院暨出土文獻研究與保護中心,北京100871

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（语言文字学）》2022年第11期52-65,共14页LINGUISTICS AND PHILOLOGY

摘　　要：《说文·叙》是第一篇漢字發展史文,系统開述了從文字起源到漢代文字舆文字研究的發展過程。許慎具有明確的文字史發展觀和建構術语的認識。《说文》建立起一套自足的話语系统,古文、籀文、大篆、小篆、篆文等是義有専指的術语,有其确切的内涵,彼此明确區分,後人多有误解。“古”舆“篆”是文字發展過程中的核心要素。許慎清晰表述自前代之古文發展到西周末年,文字分為籀文和古文两系。籀文源自古文,其字體是大篆,籀文大篆經過選擇淘汰與規範成為小篆,秦统一之後大篆、小篆並行,直到漢初還是史学童考試的内容。古文是文字的源頭,一直流傳,孔子寫经用古文,戰國發生分歧,秦始皇廢除,漢代开始復现,王莽时期受到重视,成為六書之一。許慎陳述的文字歷史發展過程舆出土文献基本相合。古文既不是戰國时期的六國文字,也不是戰國之前的古文字,而是秦系文字之外的先秦古文字,不僅《说文》重文中附錄,而且在“正字”中也大量存在。《说文解字》是應古文文献研究需要而成的漢代古文字集大成之作。The postface of Shuowen Jiezi说文解字is atreatise onthe history of evolution of Chinese characters,systematically elaborating on the history from the origin of characters to the characters in the Han Dynasty and the process of development of studies on characters.Shuowen Jiezi established a set of self-consistent system of terminology,such as Guwen古文,Zhouwen籀文,Dazhuan大篆,Xiaozhuan小篆,and Zhuanwen篆文,etc.They are particular with exact connotations,explicitly distinguishing from one another,but often misunderstood by the later generations.Gu古and Zhuan篆are the core elements in the evolution of characters.Xu Shen made it clear that characters divided into two groups(Zhouwen and Guwen),when Guwen evolved into the late Western Zhou Dynasty.Zhouwen derives from Guwen,and its script style is Dazhuan.Dazhuan of Zhouwen was normalized into Xiaozhuan by selection and elimination.After the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty,Dazhuan and Xiaozhuan were both general,remaining a subject in the examination of Shixuetong史學童.Guwen is the origin of characters,with which Confucius wrote the classics.Guwen diverged in the Warring States period,was abolished by Qin Shi Huang,reappeared in the Han Dynasty,gained Wang Mang's attention,and became one of his Six Scripts.The history of evolution of characters stated by Xu Shen is basically consistent with the unearthed documents.Guwen is neither the script of the Six States in the Warring States period,nor ancient script before the Warring States period,but is a pre-Qin ancient script out of the Qin lineage.It was not only listed in the variant characters of Shuowen Jiezi,but also numerously existed among the orthodox characters.Shuowen Jiezi is a masterpiece of ancient characters in the Han Dynasty,which is made to meet the needs of paleography.

关 键 词：《说文解字》 《说文·叙》 古文 籀文 篆文 

分 类 号：H161[语言文字—汉语]