异质语言特殊用法与语言接触——以汉译佛经中全称量化词“敢”之来源为例  

Special Usage in Heterogeneous Languages and Language Contact:A Case Study of the Origin of the Universal Quantitative Word "gan"in the Buddhist Scriptures Translated into Chinese

作　　者：龙国富[1] 范晓露 Long Guofu;Fan Xiaolu

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院,北京1008722 [2]湖南第一师范学院外国语学院,湖南长沙410205

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（语言文字学）》2022年第11期76-85,共10页LINGUISTICS AND PHILOLOGY

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(项目编号:19ZDA310)资助。

摘　　要：中古汉译佛经中“敢”有表全称量化的特殊用法。关于其来源目前尚无定献,有词汇沾染说,亦有月氏语影响说。本文发现是译师们将原典梵语中既表充分条件又表全称的yatkimcidsa sarva句式翻译为“敢……皆”构式,产生全称量化用法。“敢”吸收并承载了“敢……皆”构式的全称量化义。其产生动因是因充分条件义和全称量化义逻辑上相通,yatkimcid..sa sarva句式在梵文中有充分条件和全称二义,则汉语为第二语言的外来译者以为汉语“敢……皆”构式也可如此。语言特殊用法的产生在同质语言中往往受特殊语境及特殊句法结构影响,在异质语言中常常因语言接触导致,“敢”表全称量化用法很好地诠释了后者。There is a special usage of the universal quantitative word"gan"(敢)in the Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese in the middle ancient times.Various theories including the theory of vocabulary contamination and the theory of Yuezhi language influence have been proposed in the interpretation of its origin but no consencus has been reached so far.This paper finds that it results from the translators using the"gan(敢)……jie(皆)"construction to translate the"yat kimcid...sa sarva"sentence pattern in Buddhist Sanskrit,which carries the meanings of sufficient conditions and universal quantification.Subsequently,the"gan jie"construction has developed the meaning of universal quantifier.The word"gan"has adopted and begun to take on the meaning of universal quantification of its construction.The motivation for its emergence is that the meanings of sufficient condition and universal quantification are logically interlinked.The Sanskrit"yat kimcid..-sa sarva"sentence pattern carries the meanings of sufficient conditions and universal quantification,so the foreign translators of Chinese as a second language thought that the Chinese"gan……jie"construction should also have the similar functions.The emergence of language special usage is usually affected by special contexts and special syntactic structure in homogeneous languages,whereas it is caused by language contact in heterogeneous languages.The usage of universal quantitative word"gan"is a good demonstration of the latter.

关 键 词：汉译佛经中全称量化词“敢” 来源 异质语言 语言接触 梵汉对勘 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]