伦理学是利益均衡之学  

Ethics:The Study of Interests Equilibrium

作　　者：李建华 Li Jianhua

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（伦理学）》2022年第8期3-13,共11页ETHICS

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学重大项目“中国政治伦理思想通史”(16ZDA103)。

摘　　要：伦理学与道德学不同,它是协调人伦关系的学问,而人伦关系在本质上体现为利益关系。利益是指在一定的社会形式中由人的活动实现的满足主体需要的客观存在,它是伦理学的客观基础。从伦理学的视角看利益,其核心问题就是正确调节个人利益与社会整体(共同体)利益的关系。这种调节不是简单要求个人利益服从社会利益,而是以利益正当性为标准,实施双向调节,这是伦理学的主要任务。利益关系的调节常有经济的、法律的、政治的、伦理的等方式,这些方式相比较而言,经济的方式注重利益的最大化,政治的方式注重利益之上的权力干预,法律的方式注重合法权利的维护,伦理的方式注重社会利益的大体均衡。均衡是一种伦理的境界,更是一种调节方式,其调节的特殊性在于,由“有利方”或“多利方”向“不利方”或“少利方”平衡,从而避免“穷者更穷”“弱者更弱”。利益均衡的伦理目标是和谐,和谐是伦理学的价值追求。这种追求虽然具有理想主义的情怀,但绝不是空想或幻想,而是基于实践理性可行动的战略,有自身的“所指”与“能指”,这就是全面的和谐、相对的和谐、手段的和谐、过程的和谐这本身构成和谐的伦理秩序,也是伦理学的宗旨与境界。Ethics is different from morals,ethics is the knowledge of coordinating human relations,and human relations are embodied as interests in essence.Interests refer to the objective existence that meets the needs of the subject realized by human activities in a certain social form,and they are the objective basis of ethics.Looking at interests from the perspective of ethics,the core problem is to correctly adjust the relationship between individual interests and the interests of the whole society(community).This kind of adjustment does not simply require that individual interests be subordinated to social interests,but implements two-way adjustment based on the legitimacy of interests,which is the main task of ethics.There are often economic,legal,political,ethical and other ways to adjust the relationship of interests.Compared with these methods,the economic approach focuses on the maximization of interests,the political approach focuses on the intervention of power over interests,and the legal approach emphasizes the maintenance of legal rights,and the ethical approach pays attention to the general equilibrium of social interests.Equilibrium is an ethical realm,and it is also a mode of adjustment.The particularity of its adjustment is that it balances from the"favorable side"or"more favorable side"to the"unfavorable side"or"less favorable side",so as to avoid"the poor side becomes poorer"and"the weak side becomes weaker".The ethical goal of interests equilibrium is harmony,and harmony is the value pursuit of ethics.This pursuit naturally has idealistic feelings,but it is by no means utopian or fantasy,but an actionable strategy based on practical rationality,with its own"signified"and"signifier".This is the overall harmony,the relative harmony,the harmony of the means,and the harmony of the process,which in itself constitutes a harmonious ethical order,and this is the purpose and realm of ethics.

关 键 词：伦理学 道德学 利益调节 均衡 和谐 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]