西方道德教育中的伦理和道德概念:一种批判性考察  

The Concepts of Ethics and Morality in Western Moral Education:A Critical Review

作　　者：贾玉超[1] Jia Yuchao(Open University of China,Beijing 100039)

机构地区：[1]国家开放大学,北京100039

出　　处：《教育研究》2023年第3期42-51,共10页Educational Research

摘　　要：在道德教育领域,伦理和道德经常被人们视为可互换的同义词。然而,它们之间的差异或许远远超出传统的看法。作为一个古典概念,伦理指向风俗或习惯。古典伦理主要聚焦于人的品格,回答“一个人应该如何生活”,是对主体的评价性解释。基于古典伦理概念的伦理教育目标在于培养好人或高贵的人。与伦理相对应,道德则是一个现代概念,它指向行动的原则或规范。现代道德主要关注人们彼此负有的道德义务,回答“一个人应该如何行动”,是对行动的规范性解释。基于现代道德概念的道德教育的目标是,引导人们认识那些约束行动的道德原则,从而遵守道德原则。一个行动是否正当,取决于这一行动所依据的最终原则。区分伦理和道德概念是区分道德教育的美德进路和道德教育的认知—发展进路的关键。如果说,美德伦理学是根据道德主体评价行动,那么现代道德理论则是根据行动来评价道德主体。在道德教育理论和实践中,尤其是在儿童发展的不同阶段,区分伦理教育和道德教育有助于提升未来一代对于“道德何为”、“什么是秩序良好的社会”等问题的思考,从而助力和谐社会的建立和完善。In the field of moral education,ethics and morality are often seen as interchangeable synonyms.However,the difference between them is perhaps far beyond traditional views.As an ancient concept,ethics refers to customs or habits;it focuses on human character,and answers the question of"How should one live?",so it is an evaluative account of an agent.The ethical education based on the concept of ancient ethics aims to cultivate good or noble people.In contrast with ethics,morality is a modern concept,pointing to principles or norms of actions.Modern morality mainly focuses on the moral obligations that people owe to each other and answers the question of"How should one act?",so it is a normative account of actions.The moral education based on the modern concept of morality aims to guide people to recognize the moral principles constraining their actions so as to abide by them.Whether an action is right depends on the ultimate principle on which it is based.The distinction between the concepts of ethics and morality is the key to the distinction between the virtue-based approach to moral education and the cognitive-developmental approach to moral education.If we can say that virtue ethics evaluates actions of moral agents,the modern moral theory evaluates moral agents based on their actions.In the theory and practice of moral education,especially in different stages of children's development,the distinction between ethical education and moral education helps to enhance the future generation's consideration of such questions as"What is morality?"and"What is a well-ordered society?",thus contributing to the establishment and improvement of a harmonious society.

关 键 词：伦理 道德 美德 伦理教育 道德教育 

分 类 号：G52[文化科学—教育学]