“项目跑步机”上的村庄发展:自主性与可持续性探析  

“Project Treadmills”: Autonomy and Sustainability ofVillage Development in Rural China

作　　者：张森 叶敬忠[1] ZHANG Sen;YE Jingzhong

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学人文与发展学院

出　　处：《中国农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第2期86-100,共15页Journal of China Agricultural University;Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“从脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴的有效衔接与转型研究”(20&ZD163)。

摘　　要：项目是国家涉农政策落实的重要载体和形式,要全面理解项目对基层社会产生的影响,就需要针对项目过程开展细致的实践分析。本研究基于对调研村庄相关项目的分析发现,外部化与标准化的发展规划、项目资源分配中的重点村偏好、项目评价中的简单化与数量化、项目包装与景观化呈现等均偏离了村庄发展本应追求的村庄整体改善与农民福祉。其结果是,大多数农民不但未能从中获得公平的利益,甚至还要承担产业损失与环境破坏后果,村庄成为项目矛盾和冲突的集中展演地。持续的项目实践形成了一整套与项目有关的话语和逻辑,并逐渐内化为村庄发展管理与农民日常生活实践中的项目思维;众多村庄对项目资源产生了严重的路径依赖,身不由己地踏上“项目跑步机”,村庄发展的自主性与可持续性堪忧。在全面推进乡村振兴过程中,应着力保障村庄公平的发展机会和自主行动空间,提升村庄自主发展创新能力,引导发展项目以公平公正与可持续的村庄发展为目标;注重在项目过程中充分纳入农民视角,在持续的项目互动过程中激发农民主体性和村庄自主性;在项目内容、形式、参与主体、评价体系等方面更好地实践多元性、多样性与包容性发展理念。Project is the most common and important form to implement rural development policies.It s vital to scrutinize the project practices to thoroughly understand how development project is changing rural China.This paper,based on the analysis of several development projects in the sampled villages,reveals that the externalization and standardization of project planning,the“focus-village”preferences in resource distribution,the simplification and quantification of project evaluation,the decoration and spectacularization of project presentation all deviate from the wellbeing of farmers and the villages.As a result,most local villagers not only failed to benefit from the development project,but even had to bear the subsequent economic-social-environmental impacts from the unsustainable projects,leaving villages as battlefields with controversial and conflictive issues.A set of project language and project logic has emerged,gradually being internalized into village development practice and farmers daily life as a“project ideology”.Many villages are facing the challenges of path dependency on external project resources and involuntarily setting their feet on the“project treadmills”,which raises concerns on the autonomy and sustainability of village development in rural China.In the era of pushing forward all-round rural revitalization,more efforts should be made to ensure equal development opportunities and space for endogenous actions by villages,enhance village capacity for innovative development,and navigate development project to aim at just and sustainable rural development.It s also crucial to incorporate farmers perspectives into the whole project process and motivate farmers creativity and village autonomy through interactions along the project implementation;while pluralism,diversity and inclusive development should be better practiced when considering content,form,participant,and evaluation criteria for development project.

关 键 词：发展干预 项目思维 项目跑步机 乡村振兴 自主性 

分 类 号：D422.6[政治法律—政治学]