在大众性与科学性之间——论20世纪50年代中国高校招生制度的张力及其因应  

Response to Mass and Scientific Enrolment:the Tension of China’s College Enrollment System in the 1950s

作　　者：刘超[1] 袁青青 LIU Chao;YUAN Qing-qing(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《宁波大学学报（教育科学版）》2023年第3期25-33,共9页Journal of Ningbo University(Educational Science Edition)

基　　金：全国教育科学规划项目“建国初党中央创建社会主义高等教育体系的战略智慧研究”(BOA180049);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大委托项目“习近平总书记关于中国特色世界一流大学建设的重要论述及其溯源研究”(21JZDW002);中央高校基本科研业务费项目“‘领导亚洲’:近代中国学术界的国际参与和大国作为”(2023)。

摘　　要：高校招生方式变革是20世纪50年代教育体系重建的重要标识之一。在新的政治秩序下出现的高校招生方式的变革,始终与时代环境及国家建设密切相关。通过时间序列分析和事件-过程分析可以发现,在高等教育入学机会分配问题上,长期存在着诸多特殊的张力。决策者致力于普及“大众”教育,客观上促进了高校生源的多样化,但也不可避免地弱化了招生考试的选拔功能,潜在地制约了高校人才培养质量。对此,官方一直力图在“大众”与“精英”、“数量”与“质量”之间保持微妙的平衡,对扩大生源覆盖面和实现科学选材进行了艰苦求索,并最终奠定了今日招生考试的基本架构。历史地看,这一时期对招生制度的建构,隐含了“大众性”(或曰公平)与“科学性”(或曰效率)的双重逻辑,既体现出中国共产党对社会理想的不懈追求,也显示其在创建新式教育体系的过程中对教育规律的深层次探索。Enrolment ofstudents in colleges and universities has changed asone of the important markers of the reconstruction of the educational system in the 1950s,closely related to the environment of the timesand the national constructionin the new political order.This work is aimed to examine the tension of China’s college enrolment system in the 1950s and the policy-making response today through event serial analysis and event-process study.It found thatthe policymakers were committed to popularizing the mass educationtoobjectively promote the diversity of college studentswhereasinevitably weakeningthe selection function of entrance examination and potentially restrictingthe quality of college personnel training.It showed thatthe authorities have been trying to maintain a delicate balance between“mass”and“elite”,and“quantity”and“quality”,and making arduous efforts to expand the coverage of students and scientific selection of candidates,therefore constitutingthe basic structure of today’s entrance examination.It disclosed that,historically,the construction of the enrollment system in thatperiod implied the dual logic of“popularization”and“scientificity”,thus manifestingthe CPC’s unremitting pursuit of socialjusticeidealsandits deep exploration of educationallaws in the process of building anew education system.

关 键 词：大众教育 政治选拔 教育选拔 数量与质量 科学选材 

分 类 号：G519[文化科学—教育学]