在“最好”与“最坏”的状态之间——从近代政治哲学视野出发考察马克思的社会批判  

Between the“Best”and the“Worst”States-Investigating Marx's Social Critique from the Perspective of Modern Political Philosophy

作　　者：李兆勇 Li Zhaoyong

机构地区：[1]四川大学马克思主义学院,成都610065

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第3期121-128,195,196,共10页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：马克思的社会批判思想具有近代政治哲学史的深刻背景。近代以来,基于个体预设,人们寻求自保的努力会导致相互冲突的普遍战争状态。为解决这一冲突,就要建立国家,但这又会导致个体与共同体的矛盾。为进一步消除这一矛盾,以达成人是目的的要求,人们最终要寻求某种自由状态。于是,这一内在矛盾的发展就构成了一系列哲学家的思想线索。而马克思通过对法哲学与政治经济学的批判,既指出了市民社会所存在的普遍战争状态并揭示出其异化根源,也反对超出社会之外通过国家等方式以实现自由。因此,在马克思那里,人是目的这一理念体现为现实历史的辩证进程。通过这一进程,人类将最终获得解放。Marx's social critical thought has clues to the history of modern political philosophy.In modern thought since the seventeenth century,due to the presupposition of individuals,people's efforts to seek self-preservation will lead to a state of general war with mutual conflicts.In order to resolve the conflicts,it is necessary to establish a country,but then it will face the contradiction between the individual and the community.The contradiction in these two aspects promoted the development of modern political philosophy.Among the political philosophers,Hobbes believed that the natural state was not controlled by natural law,and it was a state of general war.Both Spinoza and Locke believed that the natural state was governed by natural law and was not equivalent to the state of general war.But with the former the natural law included irrationality,and with the latter it was rational rule.Therefore,corresponding to the above two aspects,Locke was more helpful to solve the contradiction:he preliminarily made the distinction between the natural state and the state of war,so that the natural state governed by rational natural law was closer to the assumption of freedom and equality.At the same time,it was more conducive to the compatibility of political power and individual natural rights.Rousseau surpassed Locke in these two aspects:he advanced the primitive natural state and postponed the state of war in order to emphasize the original free nature of human beings;meanwhile,he proposed the“society of general will”to achieve the unity of the wills of individual and community.Classical German philosophy advanced the philosophy of freedom.Also related to those two aspects,Kant no longer assumed the fact of the natural state,but established the free nature of man on a transcendental level;he also examined the expression of human freedom in the social state.Finally,he put forward the idea of“the kingdom of end”in which“humanity is an end in itself”.Hegel pursued the realization of the idea to overcome Kant's f

关 键 词：普遍战争状态 人是目的 人的解放 批判 异化 历史 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] D0[政治法律—政治学]