《史记》传述邹衍书法新论——兼谈司马迁“究天人之际”的学术立场  

The Writing of Zou Yan in Historical Records and Sima Qian's Academic Position on the Relationship between Heaven and Man

作　　者：赵想 ZHAO Xiang(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《哈尔滨工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第3期89-94,共6页Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：《史记·孟子荀卿列传》含括了邹衍传记,明清《史记》评点家已注意到了该篇在文章学上的特点。结合《史记》全书可知,这是由于司马迁对邹衍的态度复杂,因此传述时采用了独特书法。太史公将邹衍学说细化为三个方面,分别是五德终始术、历术以及二术之宗旨。《史记》多处暗示二术关系密切,历法可以辅助判断王朝的德运归属,然而却对二者异篇论之,且文字迂曲,内含矛盾。其原因有二:第一,司马迁身为西汉太史令,熟习天官星历之家学,并曾深度参与西汉受命改制活动,故而评判邹衍学说有其独特视角;第二,这是《史记》辨章诸子学术所惯用书例,承续了其父司马谈《论六家要指》的论学旨趣。考察司马迁论著邹衍的书法,得以一窥《史记》“究天人之际”的学术背景与立场。The writing of Zou Yan in Historical Records has intricate layers.Sima Qian divides Zou Yan's theory mainly into two aspects:“shu”(technique)and“gui”(purpose).Among them,“shu”is further divided into two types:one is the Five-virtue Circulation Theory which is“weird and flattery”,another is his calendar study which is described as“excellent ahead of the times”.There are many hints in Historical Records saying that the two techniques are closely related—Zou Yan's calendar study can assist in judging which kind of virtue Han Dynasty belongs to.However,Sima Qian discusses these two techniques in different chapters,and the narration is circuitous,the wording is subtle,and the praise and criticism are mixed.This is because Sima Qian as“taishiling”in the empire,ought to be familiar with the study of calendar,and was deeply involved in the Five-virtue changing activities of the Western Han Dynasty.In addition,Sima Qian's writing of Zou Yan is also in line with the common writing way of discussing the theories of the pre-Qin scholars in Historical Records.It reflects the theoretical purpose of“serving for governance”in Qian's father Sima Tan's work On the Main Theme of the Six Schools.The two reasons of the unique writing style also explain Sima Qian's academic stance on“researching the Heaven-man relationship”.

关 键 词：《史记》 司马迁 邹衍 五德终始 历学 天人之际 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]