从定语看现代汉语复合名词与名词词组的区分及汉英异同  

On the Distinction between Compound Nouns and NPs in Mandarin and the Comparison between Mandarin and English Nominal Expressions

作　　者：邓盾 Deng Dun(Department of Chinese Languages and Literature,School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学中国语言文学系,北京100084

出　　处：《语言科学》2023年第2期113-123,共11页Linguistic Sciences

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD74001)的资助。

摘　　要：朱德熙(1985)认为现代汉语的名词和形容词能够做定语而动词不能。本文以这一论断为切入点,讨论由此牵涉出来的两个问题:现代汉语复合名词与名词词组的区分,以及现代汉语和英语在名词性偏正片段的构造上所展现出来的异同。借助“句法完整性”这一鉴定标准,文章指出:现代汉语不带“的”的名词性偏正片段是复合名词,而相应的带“的”的名词性偏正片段是名词词组。以对现代汉语的事实分析为基础,文章认为现代汉语和英语在名词性偏正片段构造上的共性是:名词和形容词都可以直接修饰核心名词生成复合名词,动词都不能直接修饰核心名词。两种语言的差异除了因核心词参数设置不同而导致的语序区别,其他差异主要源于基本语法单位上的区别,即现代汉语的语素以单音节词根语素为主并且有“的”这一虚语素。Zhu(1985)claims that Mandarin nouns and adjectives can be nominal modifiers whereas verbs cannot,which is based on the assumption that Mandarin nouns and adjectives form an NP with a head noun while verbs form a compound noun with a head noun.I argue that the assumption does not hold.The paper points out that a sequence consisting of a modifier and a head noun in Mandarin is a compound noun regardless of the category of the modifier,whereas a sequence consisting of a modifier,the functional word“de”and a head noun is a noun phrase.Compared with English,Mandarin is uniformly head-final in both compound nouns and NPs.At the same time,all modifiers in NPs are marked with“de”in Mandarin.The superficial differences in the internal structure of NP between Mandarin and English can be attributed to the basic building blocks of the two languages,namely that Mandarin is a monosyllabic root language and has the functional element“de”.

关 键 词：定语 复合名词与名词词组区分 汉英比较 汉语特点 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]