再从“们”字谈汉语语法的特点  

On the Characteristics of Chinese Grammar:-Men(们)Revisited

作　　者：杨炎华[1] 桑紫宏 YANG Yanhua;SANG Zihong(Faculty of Liberal Arts,Northwest University)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文学院 [2]上海外国语大学国际文化交流学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第3期342-361,共20页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“复数行为在量词型语言中的实现研究--基于现代汉语的考察”(18YJC740081);陕西省教育厅哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目“西安及其周边方言的复数范畴研究”(19JZ059)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文再次从“们”字切入,探讨汉语语法的特点。研究发现:专有名词带“们”表连类复数仍然是汉语中的一个客观事实;汉语中的“们”应该分为两个,一个是普通复数标记,一个是连类复数标记;汉语中存在数范畴系统,它不是所谓的非数标记型语言;汉语名词主要不是依赖形态而是通过句法来表征可数与不可数、单数与复数等的对立和区分;汉语语法的特点是“显性标记少、隐性区别多”(杨炎华2018)。这些研究结论的认定主要是基于“形态反映了功能”“形态不过是功能的标志”(朱德熙1985:12)的语法分析观。在汉语语法研究中,应该始终如一地主要依据功能而不是形态进行分析和比较,因为汉语语法事实常常不是一望而知的,很多语法差别都没有显性的语法标记,即“隐性区别多”。This paper re-discusses the grammatical characteristics of Chinese mainly through the study of-men(们).We support the view that-men has two grammatical functions,i.e.the ordinary plural marker(-men_1)and the associative plural marker(-men_2).This view is inspired by the works dating back to Lü(1949),which unfortunately has been overlooked by many researchers working on-men in the past decades.-Men_1 is attached to common nouns(including proper nouns and pronouns used as common nouns)or noun phrases,while-men_2 is attached to proper nouns(including common nouns and pronouns used as proper nouns)or proper noun phrases.We mainly defend the view that the structure in Chinese“proper nouns/noun phrases+men”is a widespread rather than rare phenomenon,as opposed to the linguistic literature of the last century.In this structure,-men_2 expresses associative plurality as the named individual to which the proper noun/noun phrase refers is pragmatically more prominent than the other members of the group.We further describe number expressions in Chinese from a typological view.Specifically,there are at least three ways to express the number category in Chinese.Firstly,as we know,classifiers play a very important role in Chinese number expressions.Generally speaking,the distinctions between singularity and plurality in Chinese are mainly reflected by classifiers,e.g.yi ge ren‘one person'vs.yi qun ren‘a group of persons'.Secondly,Chinese is a tonal language,in which tone's changes lead to number differences.However,only pronouns can resort to this device which is found only in Chinese dialects but not in Mandarin.Last but not least,-men is another important way to express number information.Most personal pronouns and nouns referring to humans can be pluralized in this way.Therefore,Chinese does not lack the grammatical category of number.Rather it is a language with a distinction between singularity and plurality.The syntactic expression of number,rather than the morphological expression,is the main way in which numbe

关 键 词：“们” 复数 连类复数 形态 语法功能 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]