8至12世纪汉语西北方言的区片划分  

Regionalization within the Northwest Chinese Dialect from the Eighth to the Twelfth Century

作　　者：聂鸿音 NIE Hong-yin(Institute of Xixia Studies,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China;Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学西夏学研究院,宁夏银川750021 [2]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《北方民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第4期127-134,共8页Journal of North Minzu University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划“特殊学科”“西夏学”项目。

摘　　要：8至12世纪,中国西北地区的汉语译音资料主要有来自不同地点的四种,即不空音译的佛教咒语、敦煌所出的汉藏对音写本、回鹘文翻译文献中的汉语音译词,以及西夏音译的佛教咒语,分别代表长安话、敦煌话、以今乌鲁木齐市为中心的汉话、以今银川市为中心的汉话。西北地区通行的口音是盛唐以后长安话向西传播的结果,其区别于中原方言的突出特点有二,即宕梗二摄的鼻韵尾全部脱落,以及部分鼻声母字读作相应的全浊声母。西北所有地区都保留了这两个特点,但在其他一些音类上出现了进一步的变异,根据这些变异可以把西北方言划分为四个片区。一是陕西片。舌上音和正齿音依然有别,不像其他方言的舌上音均已并入正齿音且不分二三等。二是甘肃片。浊擦音声母清化,入声韵尾t弱化作r。三是新疆片。除了继承敦煌话的韵尾r之外,又把-g弱化作-ʁ。四是宁夏片。古浊塞音和浊塞擦音声母全部归入送气清音,入声韵尾全部脱落,中古时代的三个鼻音韵尾发生了重新组合。这些音变不都是历史演化的结果,其中有些是不同语言相互影响所致。There are four sets of resources concerning the Chinese transliteration from the 8th to the 12th century,i.e.,the Buddhist mantras transliterated by Amogavajra,the Chinese-Tibetan transliteration manuscripts in Dunhuang,the transliterated words in Uyghur literature,and the Buddhist mantras transliterated in Xixia,which represent the Chinese subdialect of Chang’an,Dunhuang,Urumqi and Yinchuan respectively.The local pronunciations,as a result of the Chang’an dialect spreading to the west after the flourishing Tang Dynasty,reveal two prominent features that distinguish it from those of the Central Plains,i.e.,the nasal finals in ancient*-aŋ,-ɐŋ,-eŋare dropped,and ancient nasal initials in some characters are read as homorganic voiced explosives.These two features are well preserved in all the northwest regions,but further variations occur in other sound classes,by which the northwest dialect may be divided into four sound regions.(1)Shaaxi:Ancient retroflex initials are well distinguishable from palatals,rather than those in other regions where the two initial groups are united together with the second and the third divisions.(2)Gansu:Ancient voiced fricatives are devoiced and the final stop-t is weakened to-r.(3)Xinjiang:Besides inheriting the final-r in Dunhuang,the final stop-g is weakened to-ʁ.(4)Ningxia:All of the ancient voiced plosive and affricative initials are changed to aspirated surds,all the final stops are dropped,and the three nasal finals are regrouped.Not all of the phonetic changes are results of historical evolution,but some of them are caused by the interaction effects among different languages.

关 键 词：方音 音译 藏文 回鹘文 西夏文 

分 类 号：H109.2[语言文字—汉语] H211