马戛尔尼使团“驻使”问题研究  

The Proposal for a Permanent Envoy by the Macartney Mission

作　　者：刘洋 LIU Yang(Editorial Department of History,People's Education Press)

机构地区：[1]人民教育出版社历史编辑室,北京100081

出　　处：《清史研究》2023年第4期48-57,共10页The Qing History Journal

摘　　要：如何看待1793年马戛尔尼使团“驻使”问题,是重新审视近代早期中英关系的重要切入点。过往研究受线性进化观与欧洲中心论影响,往往简化甚至误读中英两国围绕“驻使”爆发的冲突。实则不仅驻使并非马戛尔尼使团的首要使命,而且乾隆帝更多考虑到使节驻京后会威胁统治安全才拒绝其请。回顾常驻使节制度的发展历程,当时的欧洲也远非完善,不仅国家和使节之间等级森严,使节也因从事情报刺探甚至政权颠覆活动,往往引起驻在国君主的警惕甚至拒接。回到常驻使节制度在现代国际社会确立之前的语境,中英“驻使”之争并非传统与现代、封闭与开放、自大与平等的对立分殊,而是与规范秩序、维系统治等现实问题密切相关。How we consider the Macartney Mission in 1793 is an important entry point for reexamining Sino-British relations in early modern times.In the past,under the influence of a linear evolutionary view and Eurocentric theory of history,some have often simplified or even misinterpreted the conflicts between China and Britain over a permanent envoy.In fact,not only was a permanent envoy not one of Macartney's top priorities,but Qianlong refused the request because of the threat to his rule.Looking back at the historical development of the permanent envoy system,the system was not only highly hierarchical,but European monarchs often rejected the system because they were wary of spying and even subversion of their regimes.Thus,before the establishment of a permanent envoy system in the modern international relations,the dispute between China and the UK over permanent envoys was not a distinction between tradition and modernity,isolation and openness,arrogance and equality,but was closely related to standardizing order and maintaining domination.

关 键 词：马戛尔尼使团 常驻使节 乾隆 中英关系 

分 类 号：K249.30[历史地理—历史学]