从错误中学习:理论研究与教学条件设计  

Learning from Errors:Theoretical Research and Design of Instructional Conditions

作　　者：张恩铭 ZHANG Enming(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,杭州310058

出　　处：《开放教育研究》2023年第4期49-64,共16页Open Education Research

基　　金：浙江大学2022年度“博士研究生学术新星培养计划”(2022009)。

摘　　要：近年来,从错误中学习逐渐受到国际教育心理学界的关注。如何设计从错误中学习的教学条件促进深度学习,成为理论与实践共同关注的议题。本文通过梳理计算模型模拟人类思维过程、记忆提取过程、概念转变和元认知与自我调节四条研究脉络,明确从错误中学习作为高阶学习活动和自我调节学习活动的内涵,并引入错误学习模型和错误反应模型作为支持证据。本文还通过分析与比较生成效应、问题解决为先、样例学习、概念转变、错误的自主处理和语言学习六个领域的研究,从理论层面指出错误的来源和从错误中学习的时机、方法、形式、过程与结果等教学条件,或是调节既有教学模式效果的重要因素,从而为未来研究提供指南,以及从实践层面讨论如何将从错误中学习的理论成果嵌入既有教学设计,为创设利用错误学习的课堂提供启示。Recently,learning from errors has gained significant attention worldwide in educational psychology.Both theoretical and practical issues are emerging regarding how to design instructional conditions regarding learning from errors to facilitate deep learning.By examining four research contexts,including simulation of the human thinking process by computational modeling,retrieval process of memorization,conceptual change,and meta-cognition and self-regulation,this study identified learning from errors as a higher-order learning and self-regulated learning activity and introduced the error-learning and error-reaction models as supportive reference.The study also analyzed and compared various related elements in research fields,including generating effect,problemsolving prior to instruction,example-based learning,conceptual change,self-addressing errors,and language learning.Results indicated error source and the timing,method,form,process,and outcome of learning from errors as crucial instructional conditions to moderate the effects of existing instructional modes.These findings can provide a guide for future research on learning from errors.Practically,the discussion on integrating the research findings into existing instructional designs offers implications for improving classroom practices that leverage errors more effectively.

关 键 词：从错误中学习 教育心理学 教学设计 高阶学习 自我调节学习 

分 类 号：G44[哲学宗教—心理学]