“魔”字源流考  

Textual Research on the Origins of the Chinese Character Mo(魔)

作　　者：陈映锦 CHEN Ying-jin

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学一带一路研究院,北京100083

出　　处：《古汉语研究》2023年第3期59-73,127,共16页Research in Ancient Chinese Language

基　　金：北京语言大学校级科研项目(中央高校基本科研业务专项资金)(编号:22YBB02)。

摘　　要：“魔”字是由佛经翻译而产生的新造字。有关“魔”字的起源,唐慧琳《一切经音义》记载为佛经翻译过程中变“摩”字所造,而湛然在《止观辅行传弘决》中,最早提出“古译经论魔字从石,自梁武以来谓魔能恼人,字宜从鬼”,这两种说法的冲突导致了后世教内文献与教外字书记载的分歧。至明代字书《正字通》变“宜从”为“改从”,“梁武帝改磨作魔”一说渐成通说,被诸多文献收录与沿用。笔者通过敦煌写经、佛经翻译、道教文献辅证等,认为“魔”字在梁武帝之前已经产生,并与“摩”“磨”二字存在相当程度的混用。至梁武帝,“魔”字在译经中的使用被固定下来。因刻本藏经的出现,早期译经中“魔”“摩”等混用的情况随着“魔”字的推广使用而被统一。The Chinese character or logograph mo(魔)represents a new term and concept formed out of Chinese Buddhist translation texts.Huilin in his Yiqie jing yinyi(《一切经音义》)recorded that the term mo(魔)emerged by changing the form of logograph mo(摩)during the process of Buddhist translation.In Zhiguan fuxing zhuan hongjue(《止观辅行传弘决》),Zhan Ran(湛然)first proposed that mo(魔)derived from the stone"mo(魔)"used in older translation texts.Furthermore,Zhan Ran noted that during the time of Liang Wudi(梁武帝),the Emperor felt the meaning of the character should be written as"魔".Thus,the conflict between these two historical records has led to a discrepancy amongst later Buddhist and non-Buddhist sources on this character's origins.In the Ming dynasty,the Chinese character dictionary Zhengzitong(《正字通》)interpreted Liang Wudi's role in promoting the form of mo(魔)as Liang Wudi changed its form.This record led to the widespread misconception that Liang Wudi invented this character.Based on the examination of Dunhuang Buddhist manuscripts,Buddhist literature,and early Daoist sources,this study argues that the logograph mo(魔)emerged well before Liang Wudi,but was used interchangeably with other written forms including"摩"and"磨".During Liang Wudi's reign,the written use of mo(魔)in translated texts became increasingly standardized.Following the block-printing of Buddhist texts,which took place afterward,the mo(魔)logograph's variant written forms were eventually unified as mo(魔).

关 键 词：魔 佛经翻译 敦煌写经 大明度经 真诰 

分 类 号：H124[语言文字—汉语]