清代书院与义学关系研究述评  

On the Relation between Ancient Academies and Charitable Schools

作　　者：张劲松[1] ZHANG Jin-song(School of Education,Nanchang Normal University,Nanchang,Jiangxi,330032)

机构地区：[1]南昌师范学院教育学院,江西南昌330032

出　　处：《贵州师范学院学报》2023年第8期1-6,共6页Journal of Guizhou Education University

基　　金：江西省社会科学规划项目“清代义学与书院关系研究”(22JY17)。

摘　　要：书院与义学是我国传统教育的重要组成部分,二者数量之多与分布之广在清代均达到历史的顶峰。书院与义学作为各自独立的研究领域为研究者所关注,但彼此的边界及相互关系未引起学界重视。从现有文献看,关于清代书院与义学关系的研究主要有包含说、独立说和重合说,即书院为义学体系的一部分(包含说)、书院高于义学层次(独立说)、书院与义学部分重合(重合说)三种类型。这些歧义互见的观点使书院与义学研究出现概念模糊、对象飘移等问题。因之,确定书院与义学的边界是书院、义学及其关系研究的基础。基于二分法原则,从广义与狭义两个层面而言,清代的书院与义学关系主要有四类,分别为广义的义学包含全部的狭义书院,广义义学中的经馆等同于狭义书院中大学层次的书院,狭义书院中实施免费但无膏奖花红、以童蒙教育为主的书院等同于狭义义学,狭义书院中实施古代大学教育的书院与狭义义学无涉,是完全不同类型的教育机构等。Ancient academies and charitable schools are important components of traditional education in China and their quantity and wide distribution reached the historical peak in the Qing Dynasty.As independent research fields,academies and charitable schools have attracted the attention of researchers,but their boundary and mutual relationship have been ignored.According to the existing literature,there are three types of the relationship between academies and charitable schools in the Qing Dynasty,namely,the academy is a part of the system of charitable schools(the theory of inclusion),the academy is higher than the level of charitable schools(the theory of independence),and the academy is partially overlapping with charitable schools(the theory of coincidence).These views lead to fuzzy concept and drifting object in the study of academies and charitable schools.Therefore,determining the boundary between academies and charitable schools is the prerequisite for the study of academies and charitable schools and their relationship.Based on the dichotomy principle of broad sense and narrow sense,the relationship between academies and charitable schools in the Qing Dynasty should be divided into four categories:the charitable schools in a broad sense include all academies in a narrow sense;the academy in a broad sense is equivalent to a college level academy in a narrow sense;the academy in a narrow sense that implements children's education with free tuition but no scholarship is equivalent to the charitable schools in a narrow sense;the academy in a narrow sense that implements ancient university education is a completely different type of educational institution,which has nothing to do with the charitable schools in a narrow sense.

关 键 词：书院 义学 边界 清代 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]