犯错者懊悔与受害幼儿宽恕的关系:旁观者的影响  

The association between transgressor’s remorse and victim’s forgiveness among young children:The activation effect of bystanders

作　　者：陈光辉[1] 李一涵 丁雯 陈静 张良[1] 张文新[1] CHEN Guanghui;LI Yihan;DING Wen;CHEN Jing;ZHANG Liang;ZHANG Wenxin(School of Psychology,Shandong Normal University,Jinan 250014,China)

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学心理学院,济南250014

出　　处：《心理学报》2023年第9期1441-1452,共12页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(BBA210031)。

摘　　要：人际伤害事件发生后,犯错者的懊悔与受害者的宽恕是修复人际关系的两个关键因素。本研究采用经典行为实验范式,以139名4~5岁幼儿为对象,考察犯错者的懊悔表现对受害者宽恕水平的影响,以及不同类型旁观者在二者关系中的调节作用。结果表明:4岁和5岁幼儿均已经能够识别犯错者的懊悔表现,且对懊悔犯错者的宽恕水平显著高于无懊悔者;旁观者的存在会影响幼儿的宽恕水平,且教师旁观和好朋友旁观比陌生人旁观更能降低幼儿对懊悔者的宽恕水平,更能提升对无懊悔者的宽恕水平。旁观者的存在没有显著提升幼儿对懊悔者的宽恕水平,这可能与幼儿社会化过程中内化的社会期望(如“以德报怨”)有关,基于此,本文尝试提出“社会期望的旁观者激活假说”,并进行了讨论。Humans are extremely social beings,and we attempt to repair our ruptured relationships when transgressions occur that damage interpersonal cooperation.The expression of guilt and remorse by the transgressor and the forgiveness by the victim are both vital to the repair process.To some extent,transgressors’remorse is the most prominent elicitor of victims’forgiveness.Previous studies have demonstrated that forgiveness emerges as early as 5 years old and that young children are capable of forgiving a remorseful transgressor even in the absence of an explicit apology.Given the emphasis on relationship harmony among Chinese people in a collectivistic culture,parenting and socialization might help children understand peers’remorse intentions and forgive them at a much earlier age.Furthermore,the high need for personal reputation and social image in peer interactions,which is called“face”(mianzi)by the Chinese,might lead to individuals’forgiveness decisions being influenced by bystanders who witness or participate in group interactions.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate whether 4-or 5-year-olds could have the capacity to infer an apology from displays of transgressors’remorse in order to reveal the influence of remorse on forgiveness and further explore the activation effect of different types of bystanders among the association between remorse and forgiveness.Study 1 was a one-factor(expression of remorse:remorse vs.no remorse)within-subject design.Forty-nine children aged 4 to 5 years(27 girls)were investigated by a classic paradigm of remorse and forgiveness.The“tear picture”game was used to create conditions of expressing remorse and not expressing remorse.Then,children were asked ten questions designed to assess whether they understood the true intention of remorse.Finally,the resource distribution task was used to assess forgiveness behavior.In Study 2,a total of 1394-to 5-year-old children(80 girls)were recruited to participate in a 2(expressions of remorse:remorse vs.no remorse)×4(type

关 键 词：幼儿 懊悔 宽恕 旁观者 激活假说 

分 类 号：B844[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]