回到自在的差异——德勒兹对黑格尔辩证法的三重批判  

Back to Difference In-itself——Deleuze’s Triple Critique of Hegel’s Dialectic

作　　者：韩志伟[1] 张翘楚[1] HAN Zhiwei;ZHANG Qiaochu(Center for Fundamentals of Philosophy&School of Philosophy and Sociology,Jilin University,Changchun 130021,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学哲学基础理论研究中心暨哲学社会学院,吉林长春130021

出　　处：《烟台大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第5期50-60,共11页Journal of Yantai University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学基地重大项目“人类文明新形态和文化发展理念的哲学创新”(18JJD720001)。

摘　　要：德勒兹对黑格尔辩证法持鲜明的批判态度,他认为在黑格尔那里,差异仅仅被理解为辩证的、思辨的差异,即绝对精神内部的自相矛盾,而这种自相矛盾又随着绝对精神的自我回归得到最终解决。通过回到自在的差异,他彻底颠覆了黑格尔辩证法的三重机制:表象主义、同一哲学和绝对体系,从而避免了在黑格尔的地基上反对黑格尔。首先,德勒兹追溯了以往哲学史对差异的表象主义把握,揭示出黑格尔式的辩证运动是由概念所表象的差异趋向最高同一性的运动,是取消了真实差异的虚假运动而非自在的差异运动,因而只是使自在的差异无法出场的无限大的表象运动。其次,黑格尔辩证法的否定性原则是绝对精神自我回归的原则,而不是差异之逃逸的去中心化原则。要真正使自在的差异现身,还需要进一步使自在的差异从黑格尔同一哲学的外部否定和中心化管理之下逃逸出去,不是以同一性否定差异,而是肯定差异自身的差异化力量。最后,在以柏拉图主义为肇始的绝对体系破产之后,黑格尔的绝对知识体系的地位也岌岌可危,重新向自在的差异敞开要求颠转柏拉图主义中原型与拟像的地位,认识到主动综合之下的被动综合,转变对自在的差异的态度。Deleuze was sharply critical of Hegel’s dialectic,arguing that for Hegel difference was understood only as dialectical,speculative difference,that is,a contradiction within the absolute spirit,which in turn was finally resolved with the self-return of the absolute spirit.By returning to difference in-itself,Deleuze completely overturned the triple mechanism of Hegel’s dialectic:Representationism,identity and the absolute system,thus avoiding opposing Hegel on Hegel’s own foundations.First,Deleuze traces the representationist grasp of difference in previous philosophical history,revealing that the Hegelian dialectical movement is a movement from the difference represented by concepts to the highest identity,a false movement that cancels real differences rather than a movement of difference in-itself,and thus only an infinite apparent movement that makes difference in-itself impossible.Second,the negation principle of Hegel’s dialectic is the principle of absolute spiritual self-return,not the decentralized principle of the escape of difference.To truly make difference in-itself present,it is further necessary to make difference in-itself escape from the external negation and centralized management of the Hegelian philosophy of identity,not to deny the difference with identity,but to affirm the differentiating power of difference itself.Finally,after the bankruptcy of the absolute system that began with Platonism,Hegel’s absolute knowledge system was also in jeopardy,and the reopening to difference in-itself demands a reversal of the status of models and simulacra in Platonism,a recognition of the passive synthesis beneath the active synthesis,and a shift in the attitude toward difference in-itself.

关 键 词：自在的差异 表象主义 同一性 辩证法 德勒兹 黑格尔 

分 类 号：B565.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]