语缀“法”的功能及演化——兼论构式“怎么/这么(个)X法”的话语功能  

The function and grammaticalization of fa(法)as a clitic in the construction“Zenme/zheme(+ge)+X+fa”

作　　者：朱庆洪 高华[2] ZHU Qinghong;GAO Hua

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院 [2]深圳大学外国语学院

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2023年第4期464-477,共14页Chinese Teaching in the World

摘　　要：本文考察现代汉语语料(包括自然电话谈话录音语料)和历史语料中“这么/怎么(个)X法”及其相关表达,讨论虚义“法2”的性质及其如何从实义类词缀“法1”演变而来。本文认为“法2”主要为“怎么X”的语缀,表征复杂信息。“法2”的使用与谈话互动中特定位置上的重复及引用行为直接相关,是交际中参与话题管理的一个元话语标记。“法2”的演变伴随着“怎么(个)X+法?”的构式化:从“这+量+[V+法1]”发展到指示方式方法的“这么(个)V+法2”,再类推到指示性质程度的“这么(个)A+法2”,继而发展到追索谈话中语义焦点X之信息内涵的小句构式“怎么(个)X+法2”。在此过程中,“法”从词内浮现到词外,最终成为汉语疑问小句句尾语缀。The study examines the use of the construction“zenme/zheme(+ge)+X+fa”as well as its variant forms in synchronic and historical corpora(including recordings of naturally-occurring telephone conversations),with the aim to ascertain the linguistic feature and function of the more grammaticalized type of“fa2”in this structure and also how it grammaticalizes from the suffix-like“fa1”in word formation.We hold that“fa2”should be characterized as a clitic to“zheme/zenme X”,with the semantics of indicating X’s complicated informative status.The use of“fa2”directly relates to repeats and quotes in particular positions in talk-in-interaction and serves as a meta-discursive marker related to topic management in interaction.The grammaticalization of“fa2”co-occurs with the formation of the construction of“zenme(ge)X fa”.Roughly,there is a grammaticalization pathway from“zhe+quantifier+V+fa1”,where fa1denotes the method of the action V,to“(zheme(+ge)+V)+fa2”,which also denotes the method of the action V,then further to“zheme(+ge)A+fa2”,which denotes the degree of quality A,then finally to“zenme(ge)X+fa2”,which inquires the complicated informative connotation of an expression X in the immediately prior context.In this process,the token emerges to the clause-final position from its original suffix position and becomes a special particle in modern Mandarin Chinese,i.e.,a clitic to the interrogative construction“zenme(ge)X”.

关 键 词：“法” 语缀 互动语言学 交互主观性 元话语标记 语法化 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]