宋代的家塾教育  

Family School Education in the Song Dynasty

作　　者：贾芳芳[1] Jia Fangfang(Research Center of the Song History,Hebei University,Baoding 071002,China)

机构地区：[1]河北大学宋史研究中心,河北保定071002

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第8期111-123,共13页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：宋代的家塾一般由中上层家庭或家族设置。根据各家塾的不同情况,家塾师长主要由三类人员构成:家族中有学问的父兄、亲朋中的知识渊博者以及专门聘请的家塾教师即馆客。家塾的学生以本家子弟为主,也有个别亲属家的孤幼。有见识的家长还会将一些优秀的族外孩童聚在家塾。家塾学生的入学年龄,从五岁到十岁以上不等。家塾一般常年开设,上课时间灵活,假日随各地风俗而定。宋代的家塾教育兼及蒙学和成人两个阶段,内容包括立规矩和学文化知识两部分。两宋家塾教育对基层士人的启蒙与成才,家学与时代文化的传承,及王朝统治人才的培养都有重要意义。然与举业的关联也导致了其功利性的弊端。Family school was an important institution which was used to educate children and grandchildren in the middle and upper class families in the Song Dynasty.According to different family situations,family school teachers included three kinds of persons,father and brother,learned friends,and relatives or employed private teachers.Father and brother acted as family school teachers when they were waiting for official duty or at other special time.Families that owned a long tradition of learning usually had some learned friends and relatives and they could be hired as temporary teachers.Most family school teachers were hired.Some families spent a huge sum of money in order to hire a famous teacher,but common families usually hired nearby poor scholars according to their family economic situations.The evaluation criterion for family teachers was the student's imperial examination outcome and the teacher's morality.Most family school students were children of the family and relative orphans.Some parents who had great insight invited bright non-family children into their family schools.The purpose of the parents was that these bright students could be good company for their children.Such parents existed among both the high officials and the common people families.There were male and female students in the family school.Family schools were open the whole year round with holidays on the basis of the local customs.Class time was elastic.The students were usually five or more than ten years in age.Family school curriculum in the Song Dynasty included two parts according to the student age:primary and adult education.The main courses were set up for learning rules and cultural knowledge.The rules concerned not only learning and life habits but also family,state and world rules and moralities.Reading and writing,especially some common knowledge,were acquired in the primary part.With the students growing up,Confucianist courses were added,including Confucian classics reading,essay and poetry writing,and other contents that would

关 键 词：宋代 家塾 师长 学生 学习时间 教育 教学内容 

分 类 号：G629.299[文化科学—教育学] K244[历史地理—历史学]