西汉的风俗观:以儒家为中心  

The Custom Concept of Western Han Dynasty:Focusing on Confucianism

作　　者：张静 ZHANG Jing

机构地区：[1]北京市社会科学院哲学研究所

出　　处：《北京社会科学》2023年第10期69-80,共12页Social Sciences of Beijing

摘　　要：从战国至秦汉这一长时期的风俗观,概念上以道、法、礼、俗为四重结构,以道、礼、法来衡量风俗之良善与否,儒家最为关注风俗。西汉儒家认为当时最重要的风俗特征,一是民众逐利竞财而轻义,二是官吏多为欺谩而善书的刀笔之吏,内在的人性与外在的制度环境共同造就了当时的社会风俗。汉儒试图以礼乐更化之,礼乐的雅正也是风俗良善与否的标准。以文质论风俗,不论是出于现实的考虑即汉初所谓的周文之弊,还是出于理论本身的侧重,移风易俗的目的是返归于质。但越强调质的优先性,就越削弱历史循环结构的合理性。进而言之,法家以法作为标准,以赏罚作为手段来齐一风俗;道家反对一风俗本身,无为而治;儒家认为他们对于风俗的改善于事无补,甚至形成恶性循环。From the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han dynasties,the concept of customs is expanded by the fourfold conceptual structure of Tao,law,ritual,and custom,and the former three of them are to measure the goodness of customs.And Confucianism was most concerned with customs.Confucianists of Western Han Dynasty believed that the most important characteristics of the customs of the time were that the people competed for profit and money but did not care about righteousness,and that the officials were mostly deceitful and only good at documents.They believed that internal human nature and external bureaucracy both contributed to bad customs of that time.Therefore,Confucianists attempted to change them by the rituals and music,whose level was also a criterion for the goodness of the customs.To discuss the customs through the theory of wenzhi,whether for practical reasons,that is,the so-called disadvantages of zhou wen at the beginning of the Han Dynasty,or for the focus of the theory itself,the purpose of shifting customs is to return to Zhi.While the more the priority of Zhi is emphasized,the more the rationality of the historical cycle is weakened.Whats more,the Legalists took the law as the standard,and used rewards and punishments as the means to unify various customs;the taoism opposed the customs being unified,and advocated rulling by doing nothing,while the Confucianism believed that their methods would not help,and even formed a more vicious situation.

关 键 词：风俗 儒家 文质 礼乐 三教说 

分 类 号：B234[哲学宗教—中国哲学]