朱陆争辩钩沉——兼析陆九渊心学的理论意义和重要价值  

On the Debate between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan——An Analysis of the Theoretical Significance and Important Value of Lu Jiuyuan's Heart-Mind Study

作　　者：彭彦华 PENG Yan-hua

机构地区：[1]中国孔子基金会学术部,山东济南250002

出　　处：《周易研究》2023年第4期96-110,共15页Studies of Zhouyi

基　　金：贵州省哲学社会科学规划国学单列重大项目:“陆王心学与当代国人的人文信仰建构研究”(The research of theconstruction of modern Chinese people’s humanistic belief based on Lu and Wang’mind philosophy)(20GZGX09)。

摘　　要：朱熹理学和陆九渊心学的思想分歧可以概括为四点:一是由于对“理”的理解不同,朱陆在“为学之方”上存在分歧——朱“欲令人泛观博览,而后归之约”,陆“欲先发明人之本心,而后使之博览”,朱谈“穷理”(“道问学”),陆说“明心”(“尊德性”);在为学目的上也有分歧——朱以穷理修身为读书之目的,陆把读书为学归结到实理实事上。二是由于对“气”的理解不同,朱陆在为学宗旨以及修养方法上存在分歧:陆讲“尽我之心”“易简工夫”,朱讲“存天理灭人欲”“格物居敬”。三是朱陆对“心”的理解不同,朱熹有“道心”(义理之心)、“人心”(物欲之心)之分,象山认为“本心”既是道心也是人心,二者合一。四是朱陆关于本体的争论,即世界的本原是无极还是太极、阴阳是形器还是道。The differences between Zhu Xi’s(1130-1200)meaning-principle theory and Lu Jiuyuan’s(1139-1193)heart-mind theory can be summarized as four points:firstly,due to different understandings of“li”(meanings and principles),Zhu Xi and Lu Ji⁃uyuan have differences in“the way of learning”-Zhu“wants to make people observe and explore extensively,and then return to conci⁃sion”,Lu“wants to first discover people’s original mind,and then have them observe extensively firstly”.Zhu talks about“making a thorough inquiry to meanings”(“pursuing knowledge”),and Lu talks about,“know one’s mind clearly”(“respecting virtue”).There are also differences in their purpose of studying-Zhu regards the cultivation of moral characters as the purpose of studying,while Lu takes practical principles and matters as the destination.Secondly,due to different understandings of“qi”,Zhu and Lu have differ⁃ences in their academic purposes and methods of cultivation:Lu talks about“fully exert my heart”and“simplified cultivation”,while Zhu talks about“preserving the principles of heaven and eliminating human desires”and“observing things with respectful heart”.Thirdly,Zhu and Lu have different understandings of“heart”.Zhu has two types of heart:“Dao heart”(the heart of righteousness and reason)and“human heart”(the heart of material desires).Lu believes that“the original heart”is both Dao heart and human heart,and the two are integrated into one.The fourth is Zhu and Lu’s debate on the noumenon,whether the origin of the world is Wuji(Non-Ultimate)or Taiji(Ultimate),and yin and yang are metaphysical utensils or Dao.

关 键 词：朱熹理学 陆九渊心学 朱陆争辩 朱陆异同 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B244.8