勿使并进:经学对子学有超越而无凌驾——董仲舒的帝国意识形态设计及其边际划定  

Do Not Make Progress Simultaneously:Confucian Classics Surpassing but Not Overriding Zhuzi Studies—Dong Zhongshu’s Imperial Ideology Design and Its Marginal Delimitation

作　　者：余治平[1] YU Zhi-ping(Department of Philosophy,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学哲学系,上海200240

出　　处：《河北学刊》2023年第6期38-49,共12页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2019年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“董仲舒传世文献考辨与历代注疏研究”(19ZDA027);2021年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国经典诠释学基本文献整理与基本问题研究”(21&ZD055);2020年度上海交通大学“董仲舒学者支持计划·董仲舒春秋大一统观念兴起与历史影响研究”(HS-SJTU2020A01)。

摘　　要：汉承秦制的政治“大一统”在思想文化领域的一大积极反应就是众多儒生能够自觉站在国家、民族的立场上思考问题,并以理论的方式回应集权政治的迫切要求。董仲舒的工作是双重的,既要挤对诸子,让朝廷优先选择儒家,又要激活儒学自身的社会批判功能,为皇帝设计出天道约束,借助《春秋》经义而制造出天人感应的平衡系统。董仲舒把当时的帝国学术分出三个梯度:“六艺之科”“孔子之术”,王道王教作为帝国的灵魂而粉墨登场,是意识形态的首选学派;包含众多的非儒学术,即“不在六艺之科、孔子之术者”,其存活空间在社会、民办或私营;“邪辟之说”则对帝国精神和社会文化明显有害,当尽快“息灭”,以免滋生流毒。三个层级呈现橄榄型区块模式,边际划分明确,其政治可信度渐次减弱。经学与子学厘清界限,各行其道,互不相扰,经学对子学虽有超越,却无凌驾,并不谋求对百家学术进行整合与改造。经子关系的认识论误区主要在于,用今人的思维理解古人,因时空错位而遮蔽汉初意识形态确立之真相,把古代的民理解成现代的民。董仲舒确立经学是要用当时最先进的儒家“德教”开启民智而非愚民,这是推动社会进步的善举。董仲舒的意识形态设计在汉初无疑是一种理念创新、学术创新、政治创新,满足了秦汉社会转型和皇权长治久安的现实需要。Confucian Classics and Zhuzi Studies clarify their boundaries,each following its own path without interfering with each other.Although Confucian Classics can surpass Zhuzi Studies,it does not seek to integrate and transform a hundred academic schools.The epistemological misunderstanding of the relationship between the two mainly lies in using modern thinking to understand the ancients,obscuring the truth of the ideological establishment of the early Han dynasty due to the dislocation of time and space,and understanding the ancient people as modern people.Dong Zhongshu’s establishment of Confucian Classics was to use the most advanced Confucian“moral education”at that time to open up people’s wisdom rather than fool the people,which was a good deed to promote social progress.Dong Zhongshu’s ideology design in the early Han dynasty was undoubtedly a kind of idea innovation,academic innovation,and political innovation,which met the practical needs of social transformation and the long-term stability of imperial power in the Qin and Han dynasties.

关 键 词：董仲舒 勿使并进 意识形态 经学 子学 

分 类 号：B234.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]