社会达尔文主义视域下清末民初科学小说的国族寓言——“灵”“天”“月”意象的新变与困境  

The National Allegory of Science Fiction of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China from the Perspective of Social Darwinism:the New Changes and Dilemmas of the Symbolism of“Spirit”“Heaven”and“Moon”

作　　者：敖运梅[1] 王亿萌 AO Yun-mei;WANG Yi-meng(Faculty of Humanities and Media,Ningbo University,Ningbo 315211,China)

机构地区：[1]宁波大学人文与传媒学院,浙江宁波315211

出　　处：《宁波大学学报（人文科学版）》2023年第6期25-35,共11页Journal of Ningbo University：Liberal Arts Edition

基　　金：浙江省大学生科技创新活动新苗计划“清末民初科幻小说的传统意象突围与国族文化寓言”(005-422214182)。

摘　　要：面对清末民初的国族危机,中国知识分子奉行社会达尔文主义,引入“物竞天择”的历史进化论,并将其视为兴邦立国的良方。科学小说以救亡图存为驱动力,重新编译传统意象符码,甚或寄托着彼时知识分子国族振兴的寓意。清末民初科学小说中“灵”由个体魂魄转为国民精神的指涉,“天”从“天命正统”指向“裂天世变”之实,“月”由抒情对象具象为星球实体,三者形成了“个体—国家—宇宙”格局:以疗治民族病魂为始开启救国寓言,通过续演“补天”神话开创“新天”,并遥寄国族未来于宇宙之中。意象的现代性转变反映了国族竞争背景下清末民初知识分子对灵魂精神、政治变局、国族未来的整体性焦虑,但“现实”与“寓言”之间实用治国之法的空白则隐含求索之路的无力与茫然。Faced with the national crisis of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,Chinese intellectuals turned to social Darwinism,introducing the historical theory of“survival of the fittest”,and regarded it as a viable solution for national rejuvenation.Scientific fiction,driven by the aspiration of saving the nation,reinterpreted traditional symbolic imagery and even embodied the aspirations of the intellectuals for national revival at that time.In late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China science fiction,the concept of“spirit”transformed from individual soul into the collective spirit of the nation,the notion of“heaven”shifted from“divine mandate and orthodoxy”to the reality of“world in turmoil”,and the symbol of“moon”changed from a romantic object to a celestial entity.These three elements formed a pattern of“individual-nation-cosmos”.Starting from the healing of the national psyche,these narratives opened up the allegory of national salvation,created a“new world”by continuing the myth of“mending the heavens”,and projected the future of the nation into the cosmos.The modern transformation of these symbols reflects the comprehensive anxiety of intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,in the context of national competition,about spiritual essence,political turmoil,and the future of the nation.However,the gap between“reality”and the practical means of governance in allegories implies a sense of powerlessness and confusion in the pursuit of a solution.

关 键 词：社会达尔文主义 清末民初 科学小说 传统意象 国族寓言 

分 类 号：I206.5[文学—中国文学]