冷战思维下的美国“人权外交”——卡特政府应对1980年萨尔瓦多人权危机的建构主义再审视  

"Human Rights Diplomacy"of the United States in the Shadow of Cold War Ideology during the Salvadoran Human Rights Crisis in 1980

作　　者：潘米奇 Pan Miqi

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2023年第5期139-157,162,共20页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：本文从建构主义国际关系理论的视角出发,重新审视了1980年美国对萨尔瓦多人权危机的应对。1980年3-12月,萨尔瓦多持解放神学立场的天主教会由于对左翼较为同情,与军政府之间关系紧张,后者发起了多起针对教会人士的秘密行动。面对这一人权危机,美国卡特政府采取了姑息漠视的策略,持续为右翼政府提供物资和战备援助。传统观点基于“现实主义”与“自由主义”二分的方法框架指出,这标志着卡特政府在全球多地面临危机后冷战思维完全复兴,彻底抛弃并逆转了早期的“人权外交”战略。但从建构主义国际关系理论的视角来看,卡特政府的策略选择并不意味着美国完全放弃了“人权外交”。相反,史实揭示,冷战思维与“人权关切”在此时相互建构,共同形成了一种高度意识形态化的外交“路线图”。这意味着,卡特政府对“人权”的关切一直受到冷战思维的框定,视意识形态的对抗为实现所谓“人权”的更高手段,并在必要时将纵容盟友视作为达成更大目标的妥协让步。这种人权追求和僵化意识形态的实质性错配,注定了美国对萨“人权外交”的悖论式结局。Faced with the human rights crisis in Salvador in 1980,the American Carter administration adopted a policy of appeasement and indifference,continuing to supply the right-wing government with material and military aid.Traditional views,based on the dichotomous framework of"realism versus liberalism",argue that this marked a full resurgence of Carter's Cold War ideology,essentially overturning and abandoning his earlier strategy of"human rights diplomacy",especially in the face of global crises.Through the lens of constructivist international relations theory,however,the strategic choices of the Carter administration do not suggest a complete U.S.abandonment of human rights diplomacy.On the contrary,the historical evidence reveals a mutual construction between Cold War ideology and human rights concerns during this period,together forging a deeply ideologised"roadmap".This suggests that the Carter administration's concern for human rights was constantly shaped by Cold War ideology,which saw ideological confrontation as a supposedly superior means of achieving human rights and,when necessary,tolerated allies as a compromise to achieve this larger goal.This fundamental disconnect between the pursuit of human rights and rigid ideology inevitably led to the paradoxical outcome of US"human rights diplomacy"in El Salvador.

关 键 词：建构主义 人权外交 萨尔瓦多 解放神学 罗梅罗案 

分 类 号：D871[政治法律—政治学]