论熊十力的佛学批判与气学融摄——以“体用不二”为线索的考察  

On Xiong Shili’s Critique of Buddhism and the Integration of the School of Qi——An Examination of“Essence-Function Monism”as a Clue

作　　者：李宗宜 Li Zongyi

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《国际儒学论丛》2022年第2期249-266,292,共19页International Tribune of Confucian Studies

摘　　要：熊十力的“体用”概念讨论的是宇宙论中宇宙实体与宇宙万象的关系,而并非个别物的“体用”。“体用不二”是熊十力思想的核心,其含义是宇宙实体变成宇宙万象,故二者是同体不二的。以此,熊十力批判了佛学对“体用”的割裂:空宗求体而废用,最后体用两空;有宗建立“二重本体”,造成理论上的混乱,空有二宗均不能有效地解决“体用不二”的问题。熊十力“体用不二”的思路实则源于张载的气学,其与气学有共同的问题意识———确立宇宙万象的真实性。结合气学,熊十力的很多观点都可以获得清晰明确的理解。熊十力的佛学批判乃是气学中的固有批判,其真正的理论贡献在于融摄心学与气学,而与佛学无涉,其思想的底色是儒学而非佛学。但融摄心学与气学又使熊十力思想中本心本体与宇宙本体“两重本体”产生矛盾。对此问题,尚有进一步研究的必要。Xiong Shili’s concept of“Essence-Function”(体用)discusses the relationship between cosmological entities and cosmic phenomena in cosmology,rather than the“Essence-Function”of individual objects.The core of Xiong Shili’s thought is that“Essence-Function Monism”(体用不二),which means that the cosmic entity becomes the cosmic image,so the two are the same essence but not two.In this way,Xiong Shili criticizes the fragmentation of“Essence-Function”in Buddhism:the Empty School(空宗)seeks for the essence but abandons the function,and eventually the essence and function are both empty,while the Existing School(有宗)establishes“Dual Ontology”(二重本体),causing theoretical confusion.The problem of“Essence-Function Monism”is not effectively solved by both the Empty and the Existing schools.Xiong Shili’s idea of“Essence-Function Monism”is actually derived from Zhang Zai’s School of Qi(张载的气学),with which he shares a common problematic consciousness-establishing the reality of the universe.In conjunction with the School of Qi,many of Xiong Shili’s ideas can be clearly understood.Xiong Shili’s critique of Buddhism is an inherent critique in the School of Qi,and his real theoretical contribution lies in the integration of the School of Mind and the School of Qi,which has nothing to do with Buddhism,and his thought is based on Confucianism rather than Buddhism.However,the integration of the School of Mind and the School of Qi brings about the contradiction between the“Two Ontologies”(两重本体)of Xiong Shili’s thought,namely,the ontology of the mind and the ontology of the universe.Further research on this issue is necessary.

关 键 词：熊十力 体用不二 张载 气学 

分 类 号：B26[哲学宗教—中国哲学]