论记号字在汉字学中的定位及其理论意义  

On the Positioning and Theoretical Signifi cance of Symbolic Characters in Chinese Characters

作　　者：李守奎[1] LI Shoukui

机构地区：[1]清华大学中文系出土文献研究与保护中心

出　　处：《汉字汉语研究》2023年第3期3-23,124,共22页The Study Of Chinese Characters And Language

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA304);古文字与中华文明传承发展工程项目(G1814)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：记号字很早就被认识到,但在汉字中的位置以及对于汉字研究的影响没有得到充分重视。汉字系统中记号字与表意字、表音字、意音字是其基本类型。记号字是贯穿汉字发展始终的文字类型,在汉字发展中不断强化,逐渐居于主流地位。汉字正字呈现出表意字与表音字为主、形声字为主、记号字与形声字为主三个不同的发展阶段。汉字研究,既可以是源头追溯,探讨构形理据与所蕴含文化,也可以探讨汉字在应用过程中不断演变的过程和结果。大部分记号字和以记号字为主的表意字系统的形成,是汉字应用所产生的结果。记号字排除在“基本类型”之外,一旦离开文字“本来的构造”,变化了的文字就难以分析,尤其是距离“本来构造”很远的现代汉字几乎不能分析,不得不把文字学或汉字学与现代汉字割裂开来,这样一来,文字学或汉字学对于文字应用来说容易成为“无用之学”,现代汉字学也成了“无源之学”。充分认识记号字,摆正其在汉字学中的位置,对于汉字理论建设、汉字阐释、古文字考释、汉字教学都具有重要价值。Symbolic characters have been recognized for a long time,but their position in Chinese characters and their impact on Chinese characters studies have not been fully valued.Symbolic characters,ideogram characters,phonetic characters,and ideo-phonographic characters are the basic types in the Chinese character system.Symbolic characters is a type of writing that runs through the development of Chinese characters,constantly strengthened and gradually become the mainstream.The proper graph of Chinese characters presents three diff erent stages of development:ideographic-phonetic characters as the main type,pictophonetic characters as the main type,symbolic characters along with pictophonetic characters as the main type.The study of Chinese characters can not only trace the source,explore the structural rationale and the culture contained in it,but also explore the process and results of the continuous evolution of Chinese characters in their application.The formation of most symbolic characters and the ideogram characters system mainly composed of symbolic characters is the result of the application of Chinese characters.Symbolic characters are excluded from the“basic types”of characters.Once they leave the“original structure”of the characters,the changed characters will be diffi cult to analyze,especially modern Chinese characters that are far away from the“original structure”,which results in the separation of philology(the study of Chinese characters)and modern Chinese characters,thereby,the study of Chinese characters may become a“useless study”for the application of characters,and modern Chinese character studies have also become a“rootless study”.Fully understanding symbolic characters and correcting their position in Chinese character studies are of great value to the construction of Chinese character theory,Chinese character interpretation,ancient Chinese character studies,and Chinese character teaching.

关 键 词：汉字理论 记号字 汉字基本类型 汉字教学 

分 类 号：H122[语言文字—汉语]