敦煌蒙书《武王家教》中唐代儿童的“志向”教育解析——以“一错”“二误”为中心  

Analysis of Children’s“Aspiration”Education in the Tang Dynasty in King Wu’s Family Education:a Dunhuang Mongolian Book——Focusing on“One Mistake”and“Two Errors”

作　　者：金滢坤 JIN Yingkun

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京海淀100875

出　　处：《闽南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第3期100-109,共10页Journal of Minnan Normal University:Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国古代各民族相互依存关系史文献整理与研究”(21&ZD219);国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA121)。

摘　　要：通过对敦煌蒙书《武王家教》中的有关影响人生“生命长短”的“养子不教为一错”“贪酒逐色为一误,不择师友为二误”三条“家教”进行文义考释和内涵解析,并探讨了其与唐代家教、童蒙教育的内在联系。笔者认为“养子不教为一错”是受中国古代重视子弟教育传统影响,特别是唐代“以文取士”成为选举的主流,“养子不教”意味着背道而驰、家门不兴。中国古代把“贪酒逐色”视为亡国败家之象,孔子将戒色作为三戒之首,子弟犯此者意味着人生志向和道路选择出现严重偏差。“不择师友为二误”,与中国古代高度重视子弟教育有关,认为子弟教育的关键是慎择师友,师友选择关乎其人生格局、官爵地位。其实,“一错”“二误”皆有关子弟志向、志趣及人生道路的选择,关乎其格局、学业、仕途、营生、生活等,最终定会影响其“生命长短”。This paper analyzes the cultural essence and connotation of three“family teaching doctrines”,i.e.:“Not teaching sons is one mistake”,“Lusting for wine and sex is one error,and not choosing appropriate teachers and friends another one”in King Wu’s Family Education,which affects the“life span”.It also explores their internal connection with the family education and children’s education in the Tang Dynasty.The author believes that the first mistake was proposed due to the traditional emphasis on the children education in ancient China,especially in the Tang Dynasty when“selecting scholars based on literature”became the mainstream and“Not teaching sons”meant going against the trend and having an unfortune family.In ancient China,“lust for wine and sex”was seen as a symbol of national or family downfall.Confucius regarded abstinence from lust as the top of the three precepts and those who violated this law were interpreted as a serious deviation in their life aspirations and path choices.Moreover,the third error was related to the stress on children’s education in ancient China,as the key to children’s education was believed to be the careful choice of teachers and friends,which would decide their life pattern and official status.Actually,both“one mistake”and“two errors”are related to the aspirations,interests,and life path of the children,which decide their life pattern,education,official career,livelihood and ultimately will affect their“life span”.

关 键 词：唐代 家教 一错二误 志向 童蒙教育 

分 类 号：K870.6[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] B823.1[历史地理—历史学] G256[哲学宗教—伦理学]