“设官分职”催生“天下道术”:《周官》文本的经学诠释  

The Founding and Dividing of Official Positions Result in the Common Dao-Shu:A Confucian Classic's Interpretation to the Text of the The Zhou Officers

作　　者：余治平[1] YU Zhiping

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学哲学系

出　　处：《社会科学》2023年第11期25-35,共11页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“董仲舒传世文献考辨与历代注疏研究”(项目编号:19ZDA027)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：商周时代设官分职的行业知识开始产生跨界的、共通的思想观念,孕育出“天下道术”的胚胎。西周至春秋,各种职官都追求自家“道艺”,标志着职业、行业都在谋划精神超越。道成为上流精英所关注的主题,宏观而务虚。六德、六行以及阴德、阳德等概念的出现,甚至把“道”与“德”相关联,成为商周职业、行业道艺成长、成熟后的基本伦理要求。周人的礼制规范,系统全面而精深,不仅设置了各级礼官,还制定了各种职业事务的程序、步骤、实施对象、期待效果等,这表明儒者群体在悄悄建构秩序社会。万物皆可入礼,周人甚至已做出化礼入俗的努力。中,在上古也经常表现为一种职业技术标准,和之德也被许多职官所推崇。申明孝,致力于善,皆可视为天下公共话语体系、核心价值和哲学基础的积极建构。During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties,the knowledge of the official and professional trades began to generate cross-border and common ideological concepts,which gave birth to "The art of Dao und Shu under Heaven"(Tianxia Daoshu).From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period,all kinds of officials pursued their own "Tao Art"(Daoyi),signifying that professions and industries were planning for spiritual transcendence.The Tao became a theme of concern for the upper-class elites,often considered in a macroscopic and abstract manner.The emergence of the six virtues,the six elements,and the concepts of yin virtue,yang virtue,and women's virtue,and even the integration between"Tao"and"virtue"became the fundamental ethical requirements in the maturation and development of professional and occupational ethics during the Shang and Zhou dynasties.The Zhou dynasty's ritual norms were systematic,comprehensive and profound,with the establishment of ritual officials at all levels,and the formulation of procedures,steps,targets and expected effects of various occupational affairs,which implied that the Confucian community was quietly constructing a society of order.Under this context,all things could be put into the ritual,and the Zhou people was seen to have even made efforts to transform the ritual into common customs.In the ancient times,Zhong was often expressed as a standard of occupational skill while the"virtue of harmony"(He Zhi De)was held in high esteem by many officials.Affirming filial piety and striving for the benevolence can be seen as a proactive construction of the world's public discourse,core values and philosophical foundations.

关 键 词：早期中国 设官分职 天下道术 《周官》 经学诠释 

分 类 号：B234[哲学宗教—中国哲学]