德里达的“弥赛亚”何以“没有弥赛亚主义”?  

Why Derrida's“The Messianic”Is“No Messianism”

作　　者：莫伟民[1] Mo Weimin(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2023年第6期71-82,共12页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：弥赛亚主义通常是指某个受苦受难的民族或全人类在未来能通过弥赛亚而获得拯救的宗教、政治、哲学、社会、历史和文化学说。康德、费希特、黑格尔、罗森茨威格、布洛赫、本雅明、列维纳斯等都提出了重要的弥赛亚思想。而德里达在全球霸权借助于远程技术和多媒体等高科技而使得世界局势动荡不安、人类生活变得愈加艰难的新苦难时代,倡导一种超越复仇和功利算计的作为赠礼的正义观,阐发了其“没有弥赛亚主义的弥赛亚”理论。本文拟从德里达关于“时代”、“正义”、“弥赛亚”这三者的理论内涵及其相互关系来论述德里达的弥赛亚何以“没有弥赛亚主义”,并对此种独特的弥赛亚理论作出几点理论评述,结论是:德里达“没有弥赛亚主义的弥赛亚”不仅没有否定弥赛亚主义,而且是对弥赛亚主义的一种回应,对某种马克思主义批判精神的一种回应,对政治行动主义的一种回应,对西方主体性形而上学的一种回应。德里达的弥赛亚思想,在福山宣称的“历史终结”处解构历史的终结以便超越历史的终结,因而,它既非宗教弥赛亚主义,也非本雅明主义,更非马克思主义理论,而是一种解构主义政治哲学。Suffering provides an opportunity for salvation,and the coming of the Messiah brings hope to the world.Messianism is usually a religious,political,philosophical,social,historical,and cultural doctrine that some suffering people or all humanity can be saved in the future through the Messiah.Kant,Fichte,Hegel,Rosenzweig,Bloch,Benjamin,Levinas,and others have all put forward important messianic ideas.Derrida,on the other hand,advocates a view of justice as a gift that transcends vengeance and utilitarian calculations,and expounds his theory of“the messianic without messianism”in a new era of suffering in which global political,economic,and military hegemony has made the world situation unstable and human life more difficult through the use of remote technology and multimedia and other high technologies.This paper will discuss Derrida's“the messianic without messianism”in terms of the theoretical connotations and interrelationships in the three elements of“age,”“justice,”and“the messianic,”and accordingly make a number of theoretical comments on this unique messianic theory.The conclusion is that Derrida's“the messianic without Messianism”not only does not deny Messianism,but is a response to Messianism,a response to a certain Marxist critical spirit,a response to political activism,and a response to the Western metaphysics of subjectivity.Derrida's messianic thought deconstructs the end of history in order to transcend it at what Fukuyama calls the“end of history,”and is thus neither religious messianism,nor Benjaminism,nor Marxist theory,but a deconstructionist political philosophy.

关 键 词：时代 正义 弥赛亚 弥赛亚主义 德里达 福山 本雅明 

分 类 号：B565.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]