“被抛放”的儿童:审视与反思  

Children"Thrown into Given Premises"':Review and Reflections

作　　者：吴康宁[1,2] Wu Kangning(Research Institute of Chinese Education Reform and Development,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210097;Research Center for Sociology of Education,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210097)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学中国教育改革与发展研究院,南京210097 [2]南京师范大学教育社会学研究中心,南京210097

出　　处：《教育研究》2023年第11期53-65,共13页Educational Research

摘　　要：“被抛放”是儿童的一种常态性生存遭遇。儿童自出生那天起便被成人“抛放”到世界,且在其后的成长发展中一次又一次被成人“抛放”到给定处所。成人是“抛放者”,儿童是“被抛放者”。这就先验地注定了儿童是弱者。儿童“被抛放”到给定处所之日,便是给定处所中的成人对儿童提出要求、施加特定影响开始之时,也是儿童应对给定处所中的成人要求开始之时。根据儿童的文化适应和儿童的意志特征这两个维度,可将“儿童的应对”大致分为三种基本类型、九个分支类型。面对“被抛放”的儿童,审视儿童“被抛放”之后的应对,成人应当深刻反思。成人对儿童应当怀有起码的怜悯,善待儿童;应当感到深深的歉疚,疼爱儿童;应当担负起不容推却的责任,最大限度地优化儿童被抛放于其中的给定处所的人文境况,使原本并非儿童自主选择的给定处所最大限度地适合儿童成长发展。"Being thrown into given premises"is a common experience in survival for children.Since the day when they were born,children have been thrown into the world by adults,and have repeatedly been thrown into"given premises"during their growth and development.Adults are"throwers,"and children are those who are"thrown."Therefore,children are predestined to be weak.The day when children are"thrown into"given premises is the time when adults in given premises begin to make demands and exert effects on children,and the time when children respond to the demands from adults in given premises.According to such dimensions as children's cultural adaptation and the features of children's volition,children's response roughly falls into three basic types,which contain nine branch types.When faced with children thrown into given premises,adults should offer deep reflections on the response of children.They should have at least compassion for children and treat them well;feel deep guilt,and show love to children;and bear their unshirkable responsibility,and optimize the human environment for children thrown into given premises so that these places,which were not chosen on their own,can be maximally suitable for their growth and development.

关 键 词：被抛放者 给定处所 支配文化 儿童的应对 成人素养 

分 类 号：G610[文化科学—学前教育学]