“百代皆秦政”的历史逻辑辨析  

On the Historical Logic of"The Hundred Generations All Followed Qin's Institution"

作　　者：彭新武[1] PENG Xinwu(School of Philosophy,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院

出　　处：《中国人民大学学报》2023年第6期144-154,共11页Journal of Renmin University of China

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学重大攻关项目“我国古代治国理念研究”(18JZD023)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“周秦之变”虽然实现了从“周制”到“秦制”的转换,但二者之间并不存在绝对的分野。事实上,秦制也继承了周制中的王权世袭、家天下、大一统等内涵。不仅如此,秦汉以降的政治实践并非“秦制”对“周制”的完全替代,而呈现出二者相“混融”的特征,主要表现在:就治理规范而言,自汉代儒法合流,先秦礼法制度又重新焕发生机,这一礼法一体化进程至隋唐基本定型,最终形成独特的“礼法之治”;在官僚体制上,秦代三公九卿制虽然成为汉代以降的基本模式,但其间在制度设计上多有变革,这种制度变迁所体现的一个总的发展态势是君主权力和威势的不断加强;从中央与地方的权力结构上看,虽然秦汉以降郡县制日益占据主导地位,但分封制始终与郡县制相伴随;从政权基础来看,经过宗法与政治的重新整合,先秦时代的“家国一体”模式在秦汉之后得以重构,实现了皇权政治与地域性宗族组织的有效结合。秦汉之后的中国政治是“周制”和“秦制”的相互渗透和复杂融合,将此简单称为“百代皆秦政”的说法是与历史事实不相吻合的。Although the transition from Zhou to Qin led to the change of the Zhou system to the Qin system,there is no absolute distinction between these two.In fact,the Qin system also inherited the Zhou ways of power transmission and governing philosophy as well as its idea of maintaining unity of its domain.Moreover,the political practice after the Qin and Han dynasties was not a com-plete Qin system without the components of the Zhou system.Mixed,these two systems both influ-enced the dynasties thereafter.In terms of governance norms,under the strong confluence of Confu-cianism and law in the Han Dynasty,the pre-Qin ritual and law system regained vitality,and this process of integrating ritual and law lasted to the Sui and Tang dynasties,ultimately forming a unique rule of ritual and law.In terms of bureaucratic system,although the system of three officials and nine ministers in the Qin Dynasty became the basic model since the Han Dynasty,there were many changes in institutional designs during this period.The overall development trend reflected in these institutional changes was to strengthen imperial power and prestige.From the perspective of power structure of central and local governments,although the prefectures and counties became in-creasingly powerful after the Qin and Han dynasties,the system of enfeoffment never disap-peared.In terms of the foundation of political power,after the reintegration of patriarchal and polit-ical systems,the pre-Qin family-state integration model was reconstructed after the Qin and Han dynasties,achieving an effective combination of imperial power and regional family organizations.In short,the Chinese political systems after the Qin and Han dynasties were a complex integration of the Zhou and the Qin systems,and the statement that"the hundred generations all followed Qin's institution"deserves a second thought.

关 键 词：周秦之变 周制 秦制 礼法合流 家国重构 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学] K207[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]