圣凡平等 学以成人——王阳明与湛甘泉的人性观及教育宗旨  

The Proposal of the Equality between People of Wisedom and Morality and Ordinary People for the Purpose of Fostering People to Be Moral through Education:WANG Yangming's and ZHAN Ganquan's Views on Human Nature and Educational Purposes

作　　者：黄明喜[1] 郭爱丽[1,2] HUANG Mingxi;GUO Aili(School of Education,South China Normal University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China,510631;Audit Department,Guangdong Teachers College of Foreign Languages and Arts,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China,510640)

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学教育科学学院,广东广州510631 [2]广东省外语艺术职业学院审计工作部,广东广州510640

出　　处：《教育文化论坛》2023年第6期52-60,共9页Tribune of Education Culture

基　　金：广东省哲学社会科学规划项目“甘泉学派与明代岭南书院发展研究”(GD23XJY57)。

摘　　要：心学教育思潮之所以能在明代中后期流行,实与王阳明、湛甘泉这两位心学巨擘所倡导的人性观及其教育宗旨密不可分。作为明代心学教育的思想引领者,王阳明和湛甘泉以各自的人性观为理论基础,提出了圣凡平等的教育主张,以及“人皆可成就尧舜一样的理想人格”的观点。二人殊途同归,均秉持人的价值是在同自身种种不良欲望的斗争中实现的,且人只有在道德化的教育生活中才能充分彰显出人之为人的价值。王阳明以“致良知”为教育宗旨,引导人形成“吾心之良知,即所谓天理也”的伦理价值观;湛甘泉以“随处体认天理”为教育宗旨,倡导人“随心、随意、随身、随家、随国、随天下”,到处都可以认知天理。两者皆是依据穷理尽性、圣凡平等的人性论,着力倡导学以成人的教育价值观。王阳明和湛甘泉在不断推行心学教育的实践活动中,积极探索人何以需要教育,如何学以成圣为贤,分别标举“致良知”“随处体认天理”的教育宗旨,谱写出明代心学思想华章,深刻影响着明代中晚期教育的发展。The popularity of the education of"philosophy of mind"in the middle and late Ming Dynasty is closely related to the views of human nature and the purposes of education advocated by Wang Yangming and Zhan Ganquan,the two giants of"philosophy of mind"school.As the leaders of this school in the Ming Dynasty,Wang and Zhan,based on their respective concepts of human nature,respectively put forward their ideas that people of ultimate wisdom and morality and ordinary people enjoy equality in education,as well as the idea that"all people can achieve the same ideal personality as Yao and Shun".Both of them shared the same belief that the value of human beings is realized in the struggle against their own undesirable desires,and that the values as human beings can only be fully manifested in a moralized educational life.Wang,with the aim of education"to realize one's conscience",guided people to form the moral value of"the heavenly principle is my conscience";Zhan,with the aim of education"to recognize and practice the heavenly principle everywhere",advocated that one can recognize the heavenly principle everywhere by"following one's mind,heart,body,family,country,and world".Both followed the humanistic theory of displaying fully of reason and the equality between people of ultimate wisdom and morality and ordinary people,and advocated the educational value of learning to become a human being.In their practical activities of promoting the education of"philosophy of mind",they actively explored why people need education and how to learn to become people with morality and wisdom,and respectively upheld the educational purposes of"to realize conscience"and"to recognize the heavenly principle everywhere",which composed a magnificent chapter of"philosophy of mind"in the Ming Dynasty.It has profoundly influenced the development of education in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：王阳明 湛甘泉 人性论 教育宗旨 

分 类 号：G40-01[文化科学—教育学原理]