道家的德性论及其“玄德”之治思想——兼论儒道的“文”“质”之辨  

The Theory of Virtue and Nature and the Thought of Governing by Xuande in Pre-Qin Taoism:On the Question of Priority of Wen or Zhi Between Confucius and Taoism

作　　者：陈徽[1] CHEN Hui

机构地区：[1]同济大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学分析》2023年第6期58-75,191,共19页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“道家政治哲学研究”(批准号:20BZX050);上海市哲学社科规划“冷门‘绝学’和国别史等研究专项”课题“出土简、帛文献与道家思想从先秦至汉代的衍变”(批准号:2018ZJX008)。

摘　　要：笼统而言,如其他诸家所论,先秦道家所谓的“德”“性”均有万物生而本具的禀赋之义。然道家更重“德”所标示的万物生之所以为生(或生之所由来)的原始义,其德性论也有如下特点:作为世界的本根,“道”具有“生养”万物之“德”;同样,作为“道”之所“生”者,万物也各备其“德”,即各有其独特的生命力和存在禀赋;相应地,道家的工夫论也表现出鲜明的“复归性”的特点。道家的德性论还是其治道思想的逻辑起点,其心目中的理想之治也被称为“玄德”之治。在此治下,“侯王”治若无治,一任万物各循其“德”、各展其“性”,宛如万物存在的“看护者”。不过,在黄老道家那里,本于一统天下的功利诉求,他们也强化了治者的“驾驭者”或“主宰者”的形象。道家的德性论决定了其历史观是退化的,且相对于儒家的“文明”观,其尊“德”、尚“质”的生存态度也表现出“反文明”的思想倾向。Generally speaking,as other schools of thought have said,the so-called virtue and nature of Taoism in the pre-Qin period refer to the innate endowment of all things.However,Taoism pays more attention to the original meaning of virtue that indicates the reason why all things are born(or the origin of life),and its virtue theory also has the following characteristics:as the root of the world,Tao has the virtue of breeding all things;Similarly,as the child of Tao,all things have their own virtue,that is,each has its own unique vitality and existence endowment;accordingly,Taoist Gongfu Theory also shows a distinctive reversibility.Taoist theory of Virtue is also the logical starting point of its thought of governance,and its ideal governance is also called the governance by Xuande.Under this rule,the monarch acted as if he had done nothing.He is like the caretaker of everything,so everything can freely follow its virtue and showing its nature.However,Huang Lao Taoist,based on the utilitarian pursuit of ruling the world,also strengthened the image of the dominator.Taoist theory of virtue determines that its historical view is degenerated,and its living attitude of advocating virtue and zhi also shows an ideological tendency of anti-civilization,compared with the Confucian emphasis on enlightenment and morality.

关 键 词：道家 德性论 玄德 文质之辨 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]