学术自治的司法适用及法治保障——基于裁判文书的考察  

On the Judicial Application and Legal Guarantee of Academic Autonomy:Based on the Investigation of Judicial Documents

作　　者：孙康[1] SUN Kang(Center for Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law/Educational Rule of Law Research Center,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,Shandong,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学习近平法治思想研究中心/教育法治研究中心,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《复旦教育论坛》2023年第5期31-38,共8页Fudan Education Forum

基　　金：教育部国家人权教育与培训基地重大项目“中国传统文化与当代人权话语体系的构建研究”(18JJD820005);山东省社科规划研究重点项目“司法公信力问题研究”(23BFXJ02)。

摘　　要：学术自治是我国学位学籍纠纷案件中较常出现的裁判理由,我国学术自治的实质是高校自主办学(权)的下位概念。尽管法院的制度能力往往不足以胜任对学位学籍纠纷实质要素或合理性的审查,但从保障学术自由、防止学术自恣、促进学术进步的长远视角看,学术自治不是违反上位法规定的理由,自主办学权的下放层级应有明确的法律限制。研判41个司法案例可发现,学术自治的司法适用存在学术自治词义表述不明、过度偏重高校自主权、评价权与惩戒权相混淆、导致同案不同判的情况等问题。学术评价可能触发惩戒权,校纪惩戒不宜与纯粹的学术评价统归于学术自治理由之下。应构建独立的学术法人制度,进一步细化高校自主办学。学术评价可通过签订明确的入校知情书、科研合同等形式,将争议焦点纳入合同法框架中予以化解。Academic autonomy is a common reason for adjudication in degree and student status dispute cases in China.At present,the essence of academic autonomy in China is the subordinate concept of independent schoolrunning autonomy.Although the institutional capacity of the court is often not competent to review the substantive elements or rationality of degree and student status disputes,from the long-term perspective of protecting academic freedom,preventing academic arbitrariness and promoting academic progress,academic autonomy is not the reason for violating the provisions of the superior law.Moreover,there should be clear legal restrictions on the level of decentralization of independent school-running autonomy.Through an analysis of 41 judicial cases,it is found that there are some problems in the judicial application of academic autonomy,such as unclear expression of the meaning of academic autonomy,excessive emphasis on the independent school-running autonomy,entanglement between academic evaluation power and disciplinary power,and different judgments in the same case.Although academic evaluation may trigger disciplinary power,disciplinary power according to school discipline should not be attributed to the reasons of academic autonomy like pure academic evaluation.We should establish an independent academic corporation system and further refine the independent school-running autonomy.Academic evaluation can take the form of signing a clear letter of admission and scientific research contract,so as to bring disputes into the framework of contract law.

关 键 词：学术自治 学术自由 学位学籍纠纷 科研合同 惩戒权 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]