兼宗儒道的“未定之论”——周敦颐《太极图说》新解  

An“Undecided Theory”that Takes both Confucianism and Daoism as Origins:New Interpretation of Zhou Dunyi's Taiji tushuo

作　　者：张斯珉 ZHANG Si-min

机构地区：[1]西安电子科技大学人文学院哲学系,陕西西安710126

出　　处：《周易研究》2023年第6期79-88,共10页Studies of Zhouyi

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目:“‘人与自然是生命共同体’理念的哲学研究”(19CKS015)。

摘　　要：周敦颐的《太极图说》旨在依托《周易》建构一套由天道贯通人道,涵盖本体论、宇宙论、工夫论的哲学系统,为新儒学奠基。为此,他引入了道家的“无极”作为形上本体,以“太极”作为元气,提出了“无极而太极”的论断,并将二者的关系诠释为在无极的主导下元气逐渐展开并化生万物的过程。在人道方面,周敦颐将知觉作为人的根本特征,强调人之为人的规范即“人极”由圣人订立,其内容是中正仁义,而修养方法是主静。《太极图说》的形上体系与人道规范之间存在着思想断裂:一方面,“中正仁义”无法从“无极”中直接推出,是一种外在的道德要求;另一方面,“主静”的工夫路径亦难以达成“中正仁义”的修养目标。因此,《太极图说》应当被视为一部兼宗儒道的“未定之论”。周敦颐在《通书》中完全回归了儒家立场,以《中庸》之“诚”作为核心概念建构新的理学体系,有效地解决了《太极图说》中的理论困境。Zhou Dunyi’s(1017-1073)Taiji tushuo(An Explanation of the“Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate”)aims to construct a philosophical system based on the Book of Changes which connects the Dao of Heaven and the Dao of humans,covering ontology,cosmology,and gongfu(self⁃cultivation)theory,laying the foundation for Neo⁃Confucianism.To this end,he introduced the Daoist concept of“Wuji”(Non⁃ultimate)as the metaphysical ontology and“Taiji”(Supreme Ultimate)as yuan(primordial)qi(material force),proposing the statement“Wuji er Taiji”,and interpreting the relationship between the two as the process of gradually expand⁃ing and transforming the primordial yuan qi into all things under the guidance of Wuji.In terms of the Dao of humans,Zhou Dunyi re⁃gards consciousness as the fundamental characteristic of human beings,emphasizing that the norms of human behavior—that is,the“human aspect”—are established by sages;their content is centrality and rectitude,benevolence and righteousness,while the cultiva⁃tion method is the advocation of quiescence.There is an ideological disconnect between the abstract transcendental system and humani⁃tarian norms in Taiji tushuo:on the one hand,“centrality and rectitude,benevolence and righteousness”cannot be directly inferred from“Wuji”and is an external moral requirement;on the other hand,following the path of“advocating quiescence”also makes it dif⁃ficult to achieve the cultivation goal of“centrality and rectitude,benevolence and righteousness”.Therefore,Taiji tushuo should be regarded as an“undecided theory”that combines Confucianism and Daoism.Zhou Dunyi completely returned to the Confucian posi⁃tion in his Tong shu(A Book Penetrating[the Classic of Changes])and constructed a new Neo⁃Confucian system with the core con⁃cept of“sincerity”from Zhong yong(Focusing the Familiar),effectively solving the theoretical dilemma in Taiji tushuo.

关 键 词：《太极图说》 无极而太极 中正仁义 主静 

分 类 号：B244.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]