同安悟道:朱熹对《论语》子夏之门人“洒扫应对”章的阐释  

Meditation of Self-perfection in Tong'an:Zhu Xi's Innovative Interpretation of the“Sweeping and Responding”Chapter of the Analects

作　　者：乐爱国 LE Ai-guo

机构地区：[1]上饶师范学院朱子学研究所,江西上饶334001

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第1期95-103,176,共10页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“明清朱子学通史”(21&ZD051)。

摘　　要：对于《论语》子夏之门人“洒扫应对”章,汉儒认为子夏所言“有始有卒者,其唯圣人乎”意在强调“大道与小道殊异”而“学当以次”,有轻视“洒扫应对”之嫌;与此不同,北宋二程的解读既讲“君子教人有序”又讲“理无大小”,既重视“洒扫应对”又强调由此而“精义入神”。然而,从字面上看,二程的解读很容易引起困惑。朱熹在同安任官期间对二程的解读作了深入思考,并由困惑而觉悟。同安悟道在朱熹学术思想发展中具有非常重要的影响:是朱熹由佛归儒的关键节点,也是朱熹“理一分殊”思想体系的起点,包含了朱熹“格物致知”思想的最初萌芽,并为朱熹形成由“小学”而“大学”的思想提供了理论基础。尤其是,由同安悟道发展而来,朱熹《论语集注》解子夏之门人“洒扫应对”章时,运用“理一分殊”概念对二程的解读作了更为深入的解释和发挥,强调君子教人不是依据所教内容之本末来确定教学的先后次序,而是根据学生能力水平的高低层次循序渐进。朱熹的阐释无论是在经典解读还是在义理发挥上都有所创新,不仅对后世《论语》解读具有重要影响,对当下的道德教育亦具有启示意义。Regarding the Chapter of Zixia's Disciple“Sweeping and Responding”in the Analects of Confucius,Confucius in the Han Dynasty believed that Zixia's words“those who have a beginning and a death are only saints”meant to emphasize the“difference between the great and the small way”and“learning should be secondary”,so there seems to be a tendency to underestimate“Sweeping and Responding”.Unlike this,the interpretation of Two Chengs in the Northern Song Dynasty emphasizes both“gentlemen teaching people in an orderly manner”and“no matter how great or small the Li”,thus emphasizing the importance of“Sweeping and Responding”.On the interpretation of Two Chengs,Zhu Xi deeply pondered during his tenure as an official in Tong'an,and became enlightened from confusion.Importantly,this self-perfection was a crucial node for Zhu Xi's transition from Buddhism to Confucianism,and it was the starting point of Zhu Xi's“Li-yi and Fen-shu”ideological system.It included the initial sprout of Zhu Xi's“seeking knowledge from things”thought and provided a theoretical basis for his idea of the transition from“Xiao-xue”to“Da-xue”.Especially,derived from the self-perfection in Tong'an,Zhu Xi's Annotations to the Analects using the concept of“Li-yi and Fen-shu”,interpreted Zixia's Disciple“Sweeping and Responding”and further elaborated and exerted the interpretation of Two Chengs,surpassing the interpretation of Han Confucianism.

关 键 词：朱熹 同安悟道 洒扫应对 教人有序 理无大小 理一分殊 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学]