辽西地区红山文化时期林木资源利用和生态环境研究  

STUDY ON FOREST RESOURCES UTILIZATION AND ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT INDICATED BY THE CHARCOAL REMAINS OF HONGSHAN CULTURE PERIOD SITES IN WESTERN LIAONING PROVINCE

作　　者：王海燕[1] 王树芝[2] 刘国祥[2] 贾笑冰[2] 孙永刚[3] 胡春柏 焦延静 WANG Haiyan;WANG Shuzhi;LIU Guoxiang;JIA Xiaobing;SUN Yonggang;HU Chunbai;JIAO Yanjing(School of History,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 102488;Institute of Archaeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101;Chifeng College,Chifeng 024000,Inner Mongolia;Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Huhhot 010010,Inner Mongolia)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学历史学院,北京102488 [2]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京100101 [3]赤峰学院,内蒙古赤峰024000 [4]内蒙古文物考古研究院,内蒙古呼和浩特010010

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2024年第1期100-111,共12页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(批准号:2022YFF0903500和2020YFC1521605);中国社会科学院创新项目(批准号:2021KGYJ020)共同资助。

摘　　要：辽西地区是研究中国文明起源及早期文明化进程的重要区域。红山文化是辽西地区6.5~5.0 ka B.P.的新石器时代晚期重要的考古学文化。本研究对辽西地区红山文化时期的魏家窝铺遗址、彩陶坡遗址、兴隆沟遗址第二地点和牛河梁遗址第一地点这4个遗址点中浮选和采集的134份样品中大于2 mm的940块木炭进行鉴定,分别是栎属(Quercus L.)、榆属(Ulmus L.)、朴属(Celtis L.)、李属(Prunus L.)、槭树属(Acer L.)、黄檗属(Phellodendron Rupr.)、椴属(Tilia L.)、梣属(Fraxinus L.)、胡桃属(Juglans L.)、松属(Pinus L.)、柳属(Salix L.)、侧柏属(Platycladus L.)等12种木本植物,以及2种未知的炭化植物遗存。研究表明遗址周围分布着桃、杏、胡桃楸等果树,生长着以栎属为建群种的暖温带落叶阔叶林及榆属、槭树属和朴属等阔叶树;山地上可能分布着由松属、侧柏属和黄檗属、椴属、梣属等组成的温性针阔混交林。利用共存生态因子法进行气候重建的结果表明,当时遗址周围的环境较现今温暖湿润。先民用栎属木材建造房屋、薪柴选用栎属、松属和槭树属木材。通过对牛河梁遗址第一地点出土的木炭推测当时祭祀时可能使用栎属木材。除了遗址中出土的炭化果核,核果类木材的出土,进一步佐证了先民会采集核果类木材的果实、种子作为食物,为探索红山文化时期先民生业方式提供了新视角。本研究为解读红山文化时期的先民对林木资源利用策略,了解当时生态环境与生业模式提供了新资料。The western Liaoning region(41° ~45° N,117° ~124° E)constitutes a pivotal area for investigating the origins of Chinese civilization and the early processes of cultural development.The Hongshan culture,dated to the late Neolithic period(6.5~5.0 ka BP),represents a significant archaeological culture in the western Liaoning region.Excavations at Hongshan sites have yielded a plethora of exquisite jade artifacts,pottery,stone tools,and extensive sacrificial remains.This study aims to elucidate the ecological and climatic conditions surrounding Hongshan sites and explore how the ancient inhabitants utilized plant resources to support their livelihoods.Utilizing metallographic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy,we analyzed 940 charcoal specimens(> 2 mm) collected through flotation from 4 key archaeological sites of Weijiawopu(42°08′N,118°57′E),Caitaopo(42°50′N,119°13′E),Xinglonggou Ⅱ ( 42°22′N,120°40′E),and Niuheliang Ⅰ ( 41°20′N,119°30′E) during Hongshan Culture Period.The identified charred wood samplleias,comprising 12 genera,includeQuercussL.,UlmusL.,CeltisPrunuL.,L.,AcerL.,PhellodendronRupr.,TiL.,FraxinusL.,JuglansL.,PinusL.,SalixL.,andPlatycladusL.Statistical analysis reveals thatQuercusL.dominates at 67.98%,followed byAcerL.at 12.77%andPinusL.at10.1%,with other tree species showing lower proportions.Our findings indicate that the surroundings of the sites were characterized by the presence of fruit trees such as apricot,peach,and walnut.The region featured warm temperate dCeecltiidsuous broadleaf forests dominated byQuercusL.,alongside other broadleaf trees includingUlmusL.,AcerL and PLe.nAddrodnitionally,mountainous areas likely hosted temperate mixed forests composed ofPinusL.,PlatycladushellodL.,Rupr.,TiliaL.,andFraxinusL.Climate reconstruction using coexistence ecological factor methods suggests a warmer and more humid environment around the sites.The average annual temperature during the Hongshan Culture period was 2.2 ~ 14.2 ℃,the annual precipitation was 392 ~ 9

关 键 词：辽西地区 红山文化 木炭分析 林木资源利用 生业模式 生态环境 

分 类 号：P871[天文地球] Q914.5[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]