日本学校撤并的多主体决策参与研究——基于理性选择制度主义视角  

A Study on Multi-Subject Decision Making Participation of School Consolidation in Japan——Based on the Perspective of Rational Choice Institutionalism

作　　者：三好大树 高益民[1] MIYOSHI Daiki;GAO Yimin(Institute of International and Comparative Education,Bejing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究院,北京100875

出　　处：《比较教育研究》2024年第2期74-82,102,共10页International and Comparative Education

摘　　要：基础教育阶段的学校撤并是许多国家存在的共同现象。学校撤并涉及各方利益,不同主体对相关决策的参与方式和参与程度极大地影响着学校撤并的效果。日本有过强行推动学校撤并引起官民严重冲突的历史,这为研究学校撤并的多主体决策参与问题提供了重要的样本。基于理性选择制度主义的视角分析日本学校撤并的决策过程,发现各行动者的偏好差异和利益冲突、权力分配的不均衡以及决策监管机制的缺失等导致决策效率较低、家长和社区居民对决策的公平参与缺乏保障、决策的程序化和形式化明显、政策适应存在较多不确定性因素等问题。尽管存在上述问题且经历了不少挫折,但日本的学校撤并决策还是逐渐从政府独断走向了政府主导下的民主协商。School consolidation in the basic education is a common phenomenon in many countries.School consolidation involves the interests of many stakeholders,and the policy implementation effectiveness is greatly affected by the way and degree of participation of different stakeholders.Japan has a history of conflicts between municipal governments and community residents due to the forcible implementation of school consolidation,which provides an important sample for studying the issue of multi-subject participation in decision making regarding school consolidation.This article analyzes the decision making process of school consolidation in Japan from the perspective of rational choice institutionalism.It is found that there are differences in preferences,conflict of interests and unbalanced power distribution among various actors and a lack of supervision system,resulting in the following problems:low efficiency of policy decision making;difficulty to guarantee equal participation of parents and community residents;"programmed" and "formalized" decision making and many uncertain factors of policy adaptation.Despite these problems and many setbacks,Japan's decision making on school consolidation has gradually shifted from government arbitrariness to government-led democratic consultation.

关 键 词：学校撤并 教育政策 决策参与 理性选择制度主义 

分 类 号：G511[文化科学—教育学]