甘肃环县楼房子遗址2012年发掘的披毛犀死亡年龄研究  

A STUDY ON THE MORTALITY OF WOOLLY RHINOCEROS EXCAVATED IN 2012 AT THE LOUFANGZI SITE,HUAN COUNTY,GANSU PROVINCE

作　　者：支媛 景明[1] 汪洪 王辉[2] 陈国科[3] 杜水生[1,4] ZHI Yuan;JING Ming;WANG Hong;WANG Hui;CHEN GuoKe;Du ShuiSheng(School of History,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875;The Institute of Scientific Archaeology,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology,Lanzhou 730050,Gansu;State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,Jiangsu)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875 [2]复旦大学科技考古研究院,上海200433 [3]甘肃省文物考古研究所,甘肃兰州730050 [4]中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室,江苏南京210008

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2024年第2期466-479,共14页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室自主项目(批准号:193108)资助。

摘　　要：现代人在MIS 3成功扩散到全球各地,研究该阶段人类在不同气候环境下的生计行为有助于理解他们殖民成功的原因。目前在中国西北的黄土高原地区发现了一批出土化石的遗址,但其中大多数保存不佳,缺少科学发掘和绝对测年。甘肃环县楼房子遗址位于黄土高原腹地,在2012年的考古发掘中出土了大量动物遗存。对楼房子遗址2012年发掘获得的披毛犀牙齿进行研究,并结合其他地区已发表的关于古人类和犀牛之间的互动关系分析,探讨晚更新世黄土高原地区狩猎采集人群的生计策略,结果表明,披毛犀是楼房子遗址先民的重要肉食来源,他们一直维持着稳定且合理的开发策略,重点关注成年个体,这种偏好披毛犀的传统一直延续到遗址被废弃。结合周边发现来看,在这一阶段,生活在黄土高原地区的古人类很可能对当地环境发展出了特殊的适应模式,披毛犀在他们的生计策略中占有重要地位。Located in the hinterland of the Chinese Loess Plateau,the site of Loufangzi(36°20′47″N,107°20′54″E;altitude:1290 m)is one of the few scientifically excavated Late Pleistocene sites in east Gansu.Two meticulous archaeological excavations conducted in 2012 and 2018 yielded a stratigraphic sequence consisting of three cultural layers.These cultural assemblages contain numerous animal remains such as Coelodonta antiquitatis,Equus sp.,Cervus elaphus and Bos primigenius,all associated with stone artifacts.According to the tooth sample,the woolly rhinoceros accounts for 67.45%of total NISP(MNI=41).The relative abundance of the woolly rhinoceros decreases from the lower cultural layer to the upper cultural layer.The mortality profile for this taxon is dominated in all three layers by prime adults followed by senile and juvenile individuals.In contrast to most Pleistocene archaeological sites comprising rhinoceros remains,the Loufangzi sample shows a relatively low proportion of juveniles.Moreover,the sample shows a higher proportion of prime than young adults and has a relatively low proportion of old individuals.This contrasts with the catastrophic mortality pattern typically observed in natural sites where old individuals tend to be poorly represented(often less than 10%).In combination with the presence of cutmarks on several mandible specimens and the relative absence of carnivore marks on the remains,the mortality pattern suggests that the rhinoceros carcasses were accumulated by humans.This animal would have offered a significant source of meat and fat.The occupants of the Loufangzi site appear to have maintained an efficient strategy of animal exploitation as the practice of hunting adult woolly rhinoceros seems to have persisted until the site was abandoned.Overall,the humans that occupied the Chinese Loess Plateau during the Late Pleistocene show a distinctive adaptive pattern that included the woolly rhinoceros as an essential food source.

关 键 词：楼房子遗址 披毛犀 死亡年龄模式 巨型动物 中国西北地区 黄土高原 动物考古学 

分 类 号：Q915.877[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]