非所明而明与知所当知——老子对“知”的破与立  

Knowing the Unknowable and Knowing What Should Be Known:The Deconstruction and Construction of Knowledge in Laozi

作　　者：汪韶军[1] Wang Shaojun

机构地区：[1]海南大学人文学院

出　　处：《哲学动态》2024年第2期42-51,125,共11页Philosophical Trends

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“可能的《老子》——文本对勘与思想探原(道篇)”(编号16FZX004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：常有学者把老子的有关思想,轻则当成非难理性和经验知识而专赖直觉妙悟的神秘主义,重则判为愚民政策或反智主义。其实,老子对“知”有破有立。他所论“无知”只是去除妄知。与此相对,老子呼吁世人知道知常,知足知止,知道自己的有限性。他又主张聪明睿智而守之以愚,反对“知”的自负,反对恃知妄作,以防扰乱万物之自然。而老子提出“绝弃圣智”正是为了伸张民智。可见,老子非但没有主张愚民,恰恰相反,他充分信任民众的智慧,并为民智的发挥争取空间。另外,“涤除玄览”等谈的也不是什么直觉主义认识论,而是颐养心性的工夫论。在老子那里,“知”的问题主要是价值论问题,若把它当作认识论问题来把握,会偏离老子哲学的核心关切。The incisive philosophy of Laozi is frequently criticized as obscurantism or anti-intellectualism,while at other times it is regarded as a mysticism that rejects reason and empirical knowledge by relying exclusively on intuitive apprehension.As a matter of fact,however,Laozi never advocated the abandonment of all forms of“knowledge”(知zhi),but rather affirmed certain types of knowledge while negating others.One of his favored terms,wuzhi无知(translatable as“non-knowing”),just means the elimination of delusive knowledge,such as knowledge that acts as an accomplice of greed,petty shrewdness,differentiation-based knowledge leading to axiological discrimination,and“sagacity and cleverness”(圣智shengzhi),each of which are purportedly foresightful but actually disturb the“self-so”(自然ziran)state of everything,but which also encompasses the moral education centered on the“six virtues”(六德liude)handed down from the Western Zhou Dynasty.Laozi's advocacy of“foolishness”(愚yu),therefore,refers to the ignorance of such delusive knowledge,resulting in purity rather than stupidity.In this,it is important to recognize that Laozi often conveys a positive idea through seemingly negative statements(正言若反zhengyan ruo fan).His critique of delusive knowledge serves to urge individuals to seek true knowledge and thereby step out of the cave of ignorance.From his perspective,people often know what does not deserve to be known,making their existing knowledge a form of ignorance.They may appear clever but in reality are simply bewildered.To attain true knowledge,individuals must discard their existing knowledge and strive to comprehend Dao and“regularity”(常chang),to be content and cease the relentless pursuit of trivialities,and to realize their own limitations.In essence,Laozi reveals a higher level of cognition.Moreover,he advocates being wise while appearing foolish.True knowledge cannot be flaunted,let alone delusive knowledge.To ensure that ziran is not disturbed,he opposes those who

关 键 词：老子 知 愚民政策 反智主义 直觉主义认识论 价值论 

分 类 号：B223.1[哲学宗教—中国哲学]