日本三大教育无偿化改革的背景、过程与动因  

Background,Process and Motivation of Three Major Education-Free Reforms in Japan

作　　者：李宗宸 高益民[1] LI Zongchen;GAO Yimin(Institute of International and Comparative Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究院,北京100875

出　　处：《比较教育学报》2024年第2期18-33,共16页Journal of Comparative Education

基　　金：北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究院自设课题“日本高等教育高质量发展战略研究”(课题编号:2022IICEZS03)。

摘　　要：近年来日本陆续实施了涵盖学前教育、高中教育和高等教育的无偿化改革。结合日本国会议事录分析了日本三大教育无偿化改革的决策过程,并对日本三大教育无偿化改革的政策内容和政策动因进行了比较分析,发现日本高中教育无偿化是对已达到准义务教育性质的高中阶段教育实施的学费减免,侧重于保障学生受教育机会公平;学前教育无偿化是社会保障理念与教育公平理念的结合,重点是为了应对少子化,减轻育儿负担;而高等教育无偿化改革实际上只是前两者的陪衬,其制度内核缺少普惠性特征。少子化问题引发了日本实施无偿化教育的现实需要,政治理念的变化决定了三大无偿化改革的顺序和措施,而财政经费再分配的纠葛限制了无偿化改革的效果。为使无偿化政策效益最大化,如何逐步扩大无偿化的覆盖内容和如何确定无偿化的适用对象,也始终是政策论争的焦点问题。In recent years,Japan has gradually implemented free education reforms covering preschool education,high school education,and higher education.This article collected the proceedings of the Japanese National Diet to analyze the decision-making process to launch three major education-free reforms in Japan.It also analyzes the policy content,and motives of these reforms.The study found that the high-school-education-free reform covering quasi-compulsory education and exempting tuition fees,aims to ensuring equal educational opportunities for all students.The preschool-education-free reform guided by concepts of social security and educational equity,aims to alleviate the burden of child-rearing as a countermeasure against declining birth rates.On the other hand,the higher-education-free reform is merely a complement to the previous two,lacking the inclusiveness to benefit all in its institutional core.The issue of declining birth rates has prompted the need for free education implementation in Japan,and the ideological differences of the ruling party determined the order and measures of the three major free reforms.However,the redistribution of financial resources has limited the effectiveness of these reforms.To maximize the benefits of the free education policy,the focal points of policy debates lie in how to gradually enhance the coverage of free education and determine the targeted groups of the policy.

关 键 词：日本 无偿化 少子化 教育政策 

分 类 号：G4[文化科学—教育学]