吟咏情性的宗旨与变风变雅的传统  

The Objective of“Singing of One's Feelings”and the Tradition of the“Changed Airs and Changed Elegentiae”

作　　者：钱志熙[1] Qian Zhixi(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《长江学术》2024年第2期38-54,共17页Yangtze River Academic

摘　　要：《毛诗·大序》在其整体抒情理论的基础上提出“吟咏情性”之说,用来解释变风变雅。《诗经》的艺术成就主要体现在变风、变雅之上。虽然历代王朝雅颂继承《诗经》的雅颂传统,诗人们也提倡正风正雅,但是中国古代文人诗史的主流为变风变雅。汉魏晋文人诗是在王道变衰、风衰俗怨的现实背景中发生的,所以虽然汉魏诗以言志为本,但其创作的性质实为变风变雅。东晋至南朝,吟咏情性之说流行,但发展至齐梁的绮靡之风,实是失去了吟咏情性的宗旨。唐代诗学回归《毛诗·大序》的纲领,以别裁风雅正变为基本的诗学思想,唐诗创作的主体在于变风。情性说在宋代与义理相融,上升为一种诗歌本体之论,宋诗的主体,具有变雅的性质。整个中国诗史,王朝政治与诗学正变,有一种循环出现的规律性表现,即王朝初期以雅颂、雅正为主,但此期一代诗风并未形成;其一代诗风的形成,多是在王朝中后期变风、变雅的时期。The Great Preface to Mao's Odes puts forward the idea of“singing of one's feelings”(yinyong qingxing)on the basis of its overall theory of lyric expression,and uses it to explain the phenomenon of the“changed airs and changed elegentiae”(bianfeng bianya).The artistic achievements of the Book of Odes are primarily reflected in these changed airs and elegentiae;although the formal odes of succeeding dynasties inherited the tradition of the formal odes in the Book of Odes,and poets also praised the“orthodox airs and orthodox elegentiae”(zhengfeng zhengya),the mainstream of premodern Chinese literati poetry consisted of changed airs and elegentiae.The literati poetry of the Han,Wei,and Jin dynasties was created against the actual historical background of declining imperial authority,deteriorating social customs,and popular discontent,so even though Han and Wei poetry was based in the expression of intent(yan zhi),the essence of their creation was that of the“changed airs and changed elegentiae”.From the Eastern Jin to the Southern Dynasties,the idea of“singing of one's feelings”was widespread,but after the development of a more ornate style in the Qi and Liang periods,in reality,the objective of“singing of one's feelings”was lost.Tang dynasty poetics returned to the principles of the“Great Preface to Mao's Odes”,with a basic poetic philosophy that distinguished between“orthodox”and“changed”in the airs and elegentiae,and the majority of Tang poetic creation consisted in“changed airs”.In the Song dynasty,the idea of“feelings”(qingxing)came to be integrated with that of“meanings and principles”(yili),and was elevated to the status of a theory of poetry itself;the large part of Song-dynasty poetry was“changed elegentiae”in nature.Throughout the history of Chinese poetry,there appears a cyclically repeating regularity in dynastic politics and the“orthodox”or“changed”character of poetics.The early periods of dynasties are dominated primarily by formal odes,with qu

关 键 词：吟咏情性 正风正雅 变风变雅 王朝雅颂 文人诗史 

分 类 号：I207.22[文学—中国文学]